Test 2 Flashcards
(17 cards)
code switching:
the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation
what is the difference between situational and metaphorical code switching?
situational: something about the situation changes so they change code eg. a new person enters, its a speech not a conversation. eg. talking on persoanl issues, switch to work talk.
metaphorical: the person just changes code, nothing changes but they have decided to change. eg. you realise that the other person speaks easier in the other language so you switch.
dimensions that can change:
- whether or not you know the person/how well you know them (social distance)
- power dynamic/status
- function of situation
- formality
- participants
- setting
to get the best outcome for the speaker.
what is the difference between unmarked and marked?
unmarked: cirsumstances change the right and obligations which make code switching accetpable.
marked: speaker chooses to switch set of right and obligations.
exploratory: speaker is unclear at what appropriate in the situation and wants/needs feedback.
what is covert prestige?
a speech community, less powerful, values a variety/feature (non standard) that is not valued by other communities.
what is overt prestige?
when a community values and variety/feature that is the norm/standard.
what is high rising terminal?
- inotation pattern that rises at the end of the sentence/word/phrase.
- HRT doesnt always require a response but is used to make sure the listener is engages/ include them in the conversation.
- shows a more cooperative/less individualistic speaking style.
what is the demographic that most uses HRT?
women and pacfica. because women put more focus on maintaining relationships and the Maori culture is more collaborative in its speech style.
What are the 2 relevant senses of age?
- life stage - child, adolescent, adult, elderly.
2. age as a generation (20yrs)
explain life stage:
child, adolescent, adult, elderly. That the life age that people are in dictates the language they use. Each stage has a different words as they each have different needs, interests.
explain age as a generation:
a group of people born within a 20yr time period. As the world changes, language changes. geenrations are often stuck using language that was young in the generation that they were young forn the rest pf their lives, therefore defining the iddference in language between generations.
what is assumed incompetence?
child and elderly directed language - assuming they are inable to understand standard proffessional language. simpler, close ended, cllective ‘we’, directive, repetetive, endearing, slow sing song innotation.
what is assumed competence?
adolescent + adult language. assumed uindertsanding.
what is the difference between adult and adolescent assumed competence?
adults - greater use of standard language, controlled profanity, means of getting along in the social world.
adolescent: language as means of dveloping + asserting personal identity, more vencular lamguage. (slang).
what are the 2 types of changes in language?
generational change and age grading.
A change can start as age grading and then turn into generational change.
what is generational change?
changes in a community over time without changing the individuals. older ppl use 1 variant, younger gens use different, though older words may have an impact on lasting language.
what is age grading?
language change in individuals at life stages without it changing the wider community. eg. teenages use certain slang but once they finish being teenages they stop using it and go back to standard language.
