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Pediatric/Neonatal Respiratory Care > Test 1- Ch.2 Assessment of Fetal Growth > Flashcards

Test 1- Ch.2 Assessment of Fetal Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Uses high-frequency sound waves to locate and visualize organs and tissues

A

Ultrasonography

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2
Q

What are some uses of ultrasonography? (8)

A
  • Identification of pregnancy
  • Identification of multiple fetuses
  • Detection of fetal anomalies
  • Detection of placenta previa
  • Determination of fetal position/ death
  • Examination of fetal HR and respiratory effort
  • Detection of miscarriages or ectopic pregnancies
  • Observance of polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios
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3
Q

This device is used to measure relative blood flow through the umbilical, placental, and fetal vessels in the umbilical cord of term infants

A

Doppler velocimetry

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4
Q

The benefits of Doppler may be evident in predicting some

A

perinatal problems in high-risk pregnancies

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5
Q

What is considered the “Gold standard” for determining fetal development?

A

Amniocentesis

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6
Q

L/S ratio normal value is

A

2:1

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7
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is the main serum in the developing fetus and is used to check the baby’s risks of

A

birth defects and genetic disorders, such as neural tube defects or Down syndrome

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8
Q

Increases in Bilirubin levels are proportional to the degree of

A

Hemolysis (blood loss)

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9
Q

Creatine levels are used to help determine

A

fetal kidney maturity

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10
Q

Amniocentesis can also be helpful to detect the presence of what In the amniotic fluid?

A

meconium

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11
Q

Mothers who are Rh negative should have a

A

RhoGAM shot during their pregnancy

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12
Q

T or F
RhoGAM is effective in preventing Rh isoimmunization, a reaction that can cause harm to an unborn baby.

A

True

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13
Q

The RhoGAM shot contains

A

antibodies (collected from plasma donors)

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14
Q

RhoGAM shot protects baby’s RBC from attack if blood comes into contact w/ the

A

mom’s blood during labor and delivery

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15
Q

Only ___% of the worlds population is Rh negative

A

15%

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16
Q

How is fetal HR monitored? (4)

A
  • Auscultation
  • External abdominal transducer
  • Electrodes on the abdomen to pick up the electrical activity
  • fetal scalp electrode
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17
Q

Uterine contractions can be monitored by one of two devices

A
  • Tocodynamomter
  • Intrauterine pressure catheter
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18
Q

Tocodynamometer is strapped to the mother’s

A

abdomen at the level of the uterine fundus

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19
Q

Intrauterine pressure catheter is inserted into the

A

uterus through the cervix following the rupture of amniotic fluid

(mainly used in prolonged and difficult labors)

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20
Q

The normal baseline HR will range between

A

120 and 160

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21
Q

What is the average HR for term babies?

A

160 bpm

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22
Q

What is the average HR for preemies?

A

140 bpm

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23
Q

Variability of the heart beat is described as a healthy, awake fetus who has a constantly changing HR, usually between ___ to ___ bpm

A

5 to 10

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24
Q

A baseline HR of less than _____ bpm or a maintained drop of ___ bpm from the previous baseline rate is considered _______________

A

100;
20;
BRADYCARDIA

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25
Q

What is the most dangerous cause of fetal bradycardia?

A

Asphyxia

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26
Q

What can be given to the mother and may reduce the severity of asphyxia in the fetus?

A

oxygen

27
Q

When the baseline HR is consistently above 180 bpm, it is considered as?

A

Tachycardia

28
Q

The most common cause of fetal tachycardia?

A

Maternal fever

29
Q

If FHR exceeds 160 bpm for less than 2minutes, it is called

A

accelerations

30
Q

If FHR drops below 120 bpm for less than 2 minutes it is called

A

deceleration

31
Q

The assessment of _______ _______ ___ is used as a secondary tool in the determination of fetal well being

A

fetal scalp pH

32
Q

If fetal blood flow is impaired it can be detected through a

A

drop in pH

33
Q

What is the name of the most common method of determining EDC

A

Nägele’s Rule

34
Q

How do you determine EDC?

A

3 months are subtracted from the first day of the last menstrual period. 7 days are then added to the result

35
Q

Example for calculating EDC

A

Last day of period was March 25, subtract 3 months it would be December 25, the add 7 days will be Jan 1st

36
Q

The ________ of the uterus, which is the end opposite the cervix, can be measured on the _____________ wall as it grows with the fetus

A

fundus;
abdominal

37
Q

Fundal height is very reliable during what trimester?

A

first and second

38
Q

How do you determine the fundal height?

A

A tape measure is placed on the abdomen and the distance from the symphysis pubis to the top of the fundus is measured

39
Q

Describe Quickening

A

The first sensation of fetal movement experienced by the mother

40
Q

When does quickening generally occurs?

A

16 and 22 weeks

41
Q

When can the fetal heartbeat be heard?(range)

A

Between 16 and 20 weeks

42
Q

With the use of Doppler devices, the heartbeat can be detected as early as…

A

8 weeks

43
Q

The Contraction Stress Test (CST) is used to

A

determine the presence of uteroplacental insufficiency by subjecting the fetus to stress

44
Q

What is a positive CST defined as?

A

More of 50% of contractions having late FHR decelerations

45
Q

A negative CST is defined as

A

no decelerations are seen after any contraction

46
Q

The Nonstress Test (NST) is the response to

A

fetal movement, which is then observed

47
Q

A healthy fetus will have in increase of a

A

15 beat over baseline that lasts at least 15 seconds

48
Q

A normal reactive pattern shows at least

A

2 accelerations in conjunction with fetal move over a 20-minute window

49
Q

T or F
Monitoring of fetal movement is probably the easiest means of fetal assessment

A

True

50
Q

Ways fetal movement can be monitored (2)

A
  • mother’s notation of fetal movement
  • observation w/ ultrasound
51
Q

The Biophysical Profile (BPP) proposed in 1980, uses information gained by 5 separate test. What are those tests? (5)

A
  • Fetal breathing
  • Fetal movement
  • Fetal limb tone
  • the NST
  • Amniotic Fluid Volume
52
Q

What is Meconium

A

The thick (tar-like), darg greenish stool found in the fetal intestine

53
Q

Meconium staining of the amniotic fluid may result from a

A

fetal asphyxia episode

54
Q

How is the presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid determined? (3)

A
  • Amniocentesis
  • Amnioscopy
  • Visualized when the sac ruptures
55
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling is the process of

A

removing a small sample from the chorionic villus of the placenta

56
Q

What is Cordocentensis

A

The in utero sampling of fetal umbilical cord blood

57
Q

High-risk pregnancy indicating factors (6)

A
  • Socioeconomic Factors
  • Demographic Factors
  • Medical Factors
  • Maternal Medical History
  • Current Obstetric Status
  • Habits
58
Q

Socioeconomic Factors (5)

A
  • Low-income and poor housing
  • Severe social problems
  • Unwed status, especially adolescent
  • Minority status
  • Poor nutritional status
59
Q

Demographic Factors (4)

A
  • Maternal age under 16
  • Obese or underweight before pregnancy
  • Height less than 5 feet
  • Familial history or in herited disorders
60
Q

Medical Factors
1. Obstetric history

A
  • History of infertility
  • History of ectopic pregnancy
  • History of miscarriage
  • Previous multiple gestations
  • Previous stillbirth/ neonate death
  • Uterine/cervical abnormality
  • High parity (many pregnancies)
  • History of preterm labor/delivery
  • History of prolong labor
  • Previous c-section
  • History of low-birth-weight infant
  • Previous delivery w/ mid forceps
  • History of infant malformation, birth injury, or neurological deficit
  • History of hydatidiform mole carcinoma
61
Q

Medical Factors
2. Maternal medical history

A
  • Maternal cardiac disease
  • Maternal pulmonary disease
  • Maternal diabetes or thyroid disease
  • History of chronic renal disease
  • Maternal gastrointestinal disease
  • Maternal endocrine disorders
  • History of hypertension
  • History of seizure disorder
  • History of venereal and other infectious disease
  • Weight loss greater than 5 pounds
  • Surgery during pregancy
  • Major anomalies of the reproductive tract
  • History of mental retardation and emotional disorders
62
Q

Medical Factors
3. Current obstetric status

A
  • Absence of prenatal care
  • Rh sensitization
  • Excessively large or small fetus
  • Premature labor
  • Preeclampsia
  • Multiple gestations
  • Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios
  • Premature rupture of the membranes
  • Vaginal bleeding
  • Placenta previa
  • Abruptio placentae
  • Abnormal presentation
  • Postmaturity
  • Abnormalities in tests for fetal well-being
  • Maternal anemia
63
Q

Habits (3)

A
  • Smoking
  • Regular alcohol
  • Drug use and abuse

Pediatric/Neonatal Respiratory Care (9 decks)

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