Test 1 (Chapters 2-4) Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
What is matter?
A
Anything that has mass and takes up space; is composed of elements
2
Q
What is chemistry?
A
the study of matter and the energy that causes matter to combine, break apart, and recombine
3
Q
Can elements be broken down?
A
No
4
Q
What do atoms consist of?
A
Nucleus and electron shells
5
Q
What does the nucleus contain?
A
Protons and neutrons
6
Q
What is in the electron shells?
A
Electrons
7
Q
What is the atomic number?
A
Number of protons
8
Q
What is the atomic mass?
A
protons plus neutrons (roughly)
9
Q
What are unstable isotopes called?
A
Radio isotopes
10
Q
What do radio isotopes give off?
A
Energy (in the form of radiation) and particles
11
Q
What is energy?
A
Capacity to do work
12
Q
What is potential energy?
A
stored energy (can be turned into kinetic energy)
13
Q
What is kinetic energy?
A
energy in motion
14
Q
How do atoms have potential energy?
A
Shells farther from the nucleus contain electrons with more potential energy
15
Q
When are atoms most stable?
A
When outermost shell is full
16
Q
What are chemical bonds?
A
attractive bonds holding forces together
17
Q
What are molecules?
A
Two or more atoms chemically bonded together
18
Q
What are compounds?
A
2 or more different atoms bonded together
19
Q
What are the types of chemical bonds?
A
Covalent (strongest), ionic, and hydrogen (weakest) bonds
20
Q
How do you measure the strength of a bond?
A
By the energy used to break it
21
Q
What are covalent bonds?
A
Strong bonds that are formed by atoms sharing electrons
non polar= shared equally
polar= not shared equally
22
Q
What is an ion?
A
an electrically charged atom or molecule
Positive= atom loses electron
negative= atom gains electron
23
Q
What is an ionic bond?
A
attractive force between oppositely charged ions
24
Q
What is a hydrogen bond?
A
Bonds that form between polar molecules
25
What are polar molecules?
contain polar covalent bonds and are electrically neutral overall but have an uneven charge distribution
26
What are properties of water?
- polar
- liquid at body temp
- can absorb and hold heat energy
- biological solvent
- regulates body temp
27
What is a solvent?
liquid in which other substances dissolve
28
What is a solute?
any dissolved substance
29
What is hydrophilic?
polar molecules that are attracted to water and interact easily with it
30
What is hydrophobic?
Nonpolar neutral molecules that do not interact with or dissolve in water
31
How do acids react in a solution?
Donates hydrogen ions and increases the hydrogen ion concentration
32
How do bases react in a solution?
Accept hydrogen ions and lower the hydrogen ion concentration
33
What are buffers?
A weak acid and the salt of that acid working to minimize pH change
34
What is dehydration synthesis?
Builds macromolecules from smaller subunits by the removal of water
35
What is hydrolysis?
Breaks down macromolecules by adding water
36
What is a monosaccharide?
simple sugars (can link together by dehydration synthesis)
37
What is a disaccharide?
two monosaccharaides linked together
38
What are polysaccharides?
thousands of monosaccharaides linked together
39
What are the three classes of polysaccharides?
- starch: made in plants; stores energy
- glycogen: made in animals; stores energy (short term)
- cellulose: indigestible; made in plants for structural support
40
What are the four classes of lipids?
- Triglycerides: energy storage
- Phospholipids: cell membrane structure
- Steroids: carbon-based ring structures
- waxes
41
What are triglycerides composed of?
Glycerol and three fatty acids (saturated in fats; unsaturated in oils)
42
Where are triglycerides stored and what does it do?
Adipose tissue and it is for energy storage
43
What is the structure of a phospholipid?
Glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group (one end is hydrophilic and one end is hydrophobic)
44
What is the function of phospholipids?
Primary component of cell membranes
45
What are steroids composed of?
Four carbon rings
46
What are proteins?
Long chains (polymers) of subunits called amino acids
47
What are amino joined by?
Peptide bonds (produced by dehydration synthesis)
48
What are amino acids made of?
Amino end, carboxyl end, and an R group (20 different types of amino acids)
49
What is denaturation?
Permanent disruption of protein structures that can lead to loss of biological function (damaged by temp or pH changes)
50
What are enzymes?
Are proteins that function as a biological catalyst (speeds up reactions but are not altered or consumed by the reaction)
51
What is the shape of an enzyme dependent on?
Temperature, pH, ion concentration, and the presence of inhibitors
52
What is the functions of nucleic acids?
Store genetic information and provides information used in making proteins
53
What are nucleotides?
The building blocks of nucleic acids
54
What do nucleotides contain?
5 carbon sugars, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
55
Does the cell need to expend energy in passive transport?
No.
56
Does the cell need to expend energy in active transport?
Yes
57
What does bulk transport involve?
involves membranous vesicles to move larger substances
58
What is passive transport powered by and how does it occur in the cell?
- powered by the concentration gradient
- occurs as:
a. diffusion through lipid layer
b. diffusion through protein channels
c. Facilitated transport (transport or carrier proteins that assist in moving molecules across the membrane without expending energy)
59
What does active transport do?
Moves substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (requires a membrane protein and energy)
60
What is endocytosis?
Material surrounded by cell membrane and brought into the body
61
What is exocytosis?
Sends material out of the body
62
What are receptor proteins?
proteins that span the membrane and are required for transmission of information between cells
63
What are receptor cites?
sites on receptor proteins that interact specifically with signal molecules
64
What happens when a signal molecule binds with a receptor site?
A change is triggered within the cell (different cell types have different receptor proteins)
65
What is the function of the sodium-potassium exchange pump?
expels unwanted ions, keeps needed ones, and maintains cell volume
66
What would cause an increase in cell volume?
increase water in the cytoplasm by decreasing pumping and allowing more sodium inside cell
67
What would cause cell volume to decrease?
less water in cytoplasm by increasing pumping and expelling more sodium ions
68
What is tonicity?
relative concentration of solutes in two fluids
69
What is an isotonic solution?
extra and intra cellular ionic concentration is equal (cells maintain normal volume)
70
What is a hypertonic solution?
Extracellular ionic concentration is higher than intracellular (cells shrinks and dies (crenate))
71
What is a hypotonic solution?
Extracellular ionic concentration is lower than intracellular (water diffuses into cell; cell bursts (plasmolysis))
72
What are the functions of the nucleus?
- contain genetic information of cell
| - controls the cell
73
What is the structure of the nucleus?
- double layered nuclear membrane
- nuclear pores
- chromosomes/chromatin
- nucleolus (codes for ribosomes)
74
What are ribosomes?
the site of protein synthesis
75
Where are ribosomes located?
- Floating in cytoplasm (free)
| - attached to outer surface of ER (bound)
76
What are the two types of ER?
- Rough (ribosomes on surfaces; performs protein manufacturing and modifications)
- Smooth (No ribosomes; performs lipid synthesis and packages proteins)
77
Where does the ER run from?
Central nucleus to the plasma membrane and to the ER of the surrounding cell (cell to cell communication)
78
How does ER keep dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis from interfering?
Compartmentalizes cell
79
What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?
- refines synthesized products
| - packages products into vesicles and ships them to other locations within the cell membrane for export
80
What are the types of vesicles?
- storage and shipping vesicles
- secretory vesicles
- endocytic vesicles
- peroxisomes (contain enzymes that detoxify)
- lysosomes (contain digestive enzymes)
81
What are the functions of the mitochondria?
- utilizes O2 and produces CO2
| - Generates ATP
82
What are triglycerides?
long term storage in animals
83
What is glycogen?
- carbohydrate storage
| - short term energy for animals
84
What makes up the cytoskeleton?
- microtubules
- microfilaments
- intermediate filament
85
What are cilia?
found on cells lining airways (short; many)
86
What are flagella?
enables spermatozoa to swim (long; single)
87
What is metabolism?
sum total of all chemical reactions in a cell
88
What is anabolism?
a process used to make/assemble large molecules and cell components
- requires enzymes
- may require ATP
- used in energy storage
89
What is catabolism?
a process used to break down molecules and nutrients, recycle cell components, and access energy for storage
- requires enzymes
- may release energy
90
How does glucose provide the cell with energy?
glucose provides energy for the cell and the energy in glucose is used to generate ATP
-if no glucose; fats, carbohydrates and proteins can be catabolized for ATP
91
What is cellular respiration?
making of ATP in the cell
92
What is glycolysis?
series of 10 reactions that break down sugar into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
- occurs in cytoplasm
- add phosphate group to each end (uses 2 ATP)
- Get 4 ATP (2 produced net)
93
What is the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)?
- occurs in mitochondria
- produces 2 ATP and CO2
- Extracts high energy electrons to form NADH and FADH2
94
What is the cell doctrine?
- all living things are made of cells
- a cell is the smallest unit of life
- all cells come from pre-existing cells
95
What are prokaryotic cells?
- plasma membrane
- no nucleus
- cytoplasm: fluid within membrane
- no true organelles
96
What are eukaryotic cells?
- plasma membranes
- nucleus
- cytoplasm
- organelles: structured with specialized functions
- all human cells are eukaryotic
97
How do eukaryotic cells differ?
structure
98
Why do cells remain small?
- small cells have a higher surface: volume ratio
| - higher surface: volume ratio promotes efficiency in acquisition of nutrients and waste disposal
99
How is the plasma membrane structured?
- lipid bilayer
- non rigid
- fluid mosaic
100
What is a tissue?
A group of cells with a common function
101
What are the four primary tissues?
- epithelial
- connective
- muscular
- nervous
102
What do epithelial tissues do?
line body cavities and cover surfaces
103
What is glandular epithelia?
epithelial cells adapted to make up glands
104
What are exocrine glands?
glands that secrete into ducts to the exterior of the body (sweat glands and oil glands)
105
What are exocrine glands?
secrete into the blood to carry chemical messages throughout the body chromosomes
106
What are the three classifications of epithelial tissues?
- squamous (flattened cells; line vessels, part of lungs, and body surface)
- cuboidal (cube shaped; form lining of tubules)
- columnar (column shaped; line respiratory ,digestive, and reproductive tracts)
107
What are the two types of epithelial layers?
- simple
* adapted for diffusion across cell barriers
* line glands, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts
- stratified
* provide protection
108
What is the function of the basement membrane?
- provide structural support to overlying cells
| - attaches epithelial layer to underlying tissues
109
What is the function of junctions?
hold epithelial cells together
110
Do tight junctions allow anything to move through?
No
111
Do adhesion junctions allow and movement through them?
Some movement between cells
112
What are gap junctions?
protein channels
113
What are the general functions of connective tissues?
- support softer organs of the body
- connects parts of the body
- stores fat
- produces blood cells
114
Where are cells contained in connective tissue?
a nonliving extracellular matrix (matrix provides strength and gives connective tissue its characteristics )
115
What are the two types of connective tissue?
- Fibrous
| - Special
116
What are the functions of fibrous connective tissue?
- provide strength
| - provide elasticity
117
What does fibrous connective tissue contain?
- fibers
| - cells embedded in a gel-like matrix
118
What cells are in fibrous connective tissue?
- fibroblasts
- macrophages
- lymphocytes
- neutrophils
119
What fibers are in fibrous connective tissue?
- collagen
- elastin
- reticular
120
What are the four types of fibrous connective tissue?
- Loose (surrounds organs, lines cavities around blood vessels)
- Dense (forms tendons, ligaments, and deeper layers of skin)
- Elastic ( surrounds stomach and bladder; maintains shape)
- Reticular (makes up internal framework of soft organs and lymphatic system)
121
How is collagen described?
- produced by chondroblasts
- found in lacunae
- no blood vessels
- high collagen content
122
What is bone?
an inorganic matrix with calcium salts for hardness
123
What is blood?
a fluid matrix of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
124
What is adipose tissue?
fat cells (function is insulation, protection, and energy storage)
125
What is skeletal muscle?
muscle that moves body parts, is voluntary, and is multinucleated
126
What is cardiac muscle?
muscle that functions in the heart, is involuntary, and has a single nucleus
127
What is smooth muscle?
muscle that surrounds hollow structures, is involuntary, and has a single nucleus
128
What are organs?
something that contains two or more tissue types joined together to preform a specific function
129
What are organ system?
groups of organs that perform a common function
130
What are the four tissue membranes?
- serous (reduces friction between organs)
- mucous (lubricates)
- synovial (lines spaces in moveable joints)
- cutaneous (skin)
131
What is the function of negative feedback?
deviations from the normal are detected and counteracted
132
What are the components of the negative feedback system?
- controlled variable
- sensor
- control center
- effector
