Test 4 (Chapters 11-13) Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
What are the components of the CNS?
A
- brain
- spinal
2
Q
What are the functions of the CNS?
A
receives, processes, and transfers information
3
Q
What are the components of the PNS?
A
nerves outside the CNS
4
Q
What is the function of the sensory division of the PNS?
A
carries information toward the CNS
5
Q
What is the function of the motor division of the PNS?
A
carries information away from the CNS
6
Q
What are neurons?
A
specialized cells for communication
generates and conducts electrical impulses
7
Q
What are sensory neurons?
A
neurons found in the PNS that receive stimuli and transmit information to the CNS
8
Q
What are interneurons?
A
transmit information between components of the CNS
9
Q
What are the three parts of the neuron?
A
- cell body
- dendrites
- axon
10
Q
What is the cell body?
A
- main part of the cell
- contains nucleus and most of the cytoplasm and organelles
11
Q
What are dendrites?
A
small slender extensions of the cell body that receive incoming info
12
Q
What is the axon?
A
long slender extension specialized to conduct electrical impulses away from the cell body
13
Q
What do neurons generate and transmit?
A
action potentials
14
Q
What is an action potential?
A
an electrical impulse that is the main form of communication throughout the nervous system
15
Q
What is the function of the sodium potassium exchange pump?
A
- maintain cell volume
- establish and maintain resting potential by forcing sodium out of the cell and potassium in
16
Q
What is resting potential?
A
measurable difference in voltage across the cell membrane in a resting cell (-70 mv; interior of the cell negative related to exterior)
17
Q
What is graded potential?
A
transient local changes in the resting potential
may depolarize or hyperpolarize
18
Q
What is summation?
A
graded potentials that can add up in space or time
may reach a trigger point that signals an action potential
19
Q
How is an action potential initiated?
A
graded potentials reach certain threshold
20
Q
What happens during repolarization?
A
potassium moves out
21
Q
What happens during repolarization?
A
sodium moves into the axon and potassium moves out
22
Q
How is the resting potential reestablished?
A
normal activity of the sodium potassium exchange pump
23
Q
What does self propagating mean?
A
continuing to propagate itself in the next region of the axon? (moves like a wave; constant speed and amplitude)
24
Q
What is the all-or-none principal?
A
a neuron either reaches threshold and fires an action potential or it does not
25
What is self propagating?
continuing to propagate itself in the next region of the axon? (moves like a wave; constant speed and amplitude)
26
What determines the strength of a stimuli?
number of action potentials
27
What does stronger stimuli generate?
more action potentials
28
What affects the speed of an action potential?
- type of neuron
| - diameter of axon
29
What are the function of neuroglia cells?
- support
- protection
- does not transmit action potentials
30
What are the function of Schwann cells?
- form myelin sheath in PNS
- save the neuron energy
- speed up transmission of impulses
- helps damaged or severed axons regenerate
31
What is salutatory conduction?
leaping pattern of action potential conduction
32
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
-form myelin sheath in CNS
33
What are targets?
- another neuron
- muscle cell
- gland
34
What are synapses?
special junction between axon terminus and target cell
35
What is synaptic transmission?
transmission of impulse from sending a (presynaptic) neuron across synaptic cleft to receiving (postsynaptic) target
36
What does the response of a postsynaptic target cell depend on?
- type of neurotransmitter
- type of receptors
- type of gated channels
37
What is the function of excitatory neurotransmitters?
depolarize the postsynaptic cell
38
What is the function of inhibitory neurotransmitters?
hyperpolarize postsynaptic cell
39
What is the function of the neuron (axons and neurons in a myelin sheath)?
carries info to and from the CNS
40
What is the function of cranial nerves?
connect directly to brain (12 pairs)
41
What is the function of spinal nerves?
connect spinal cord (31 pairs)
42
What is the function of the somatic division of the CNS
- voluntary: conscious control of skeletal muscles
| - involuntary: spinal reflexes
43
What is the function of the brain?
command center
44
What is the function of the hindbrain?
coordinates basic, automatic, and visual tasks
45
What is the function of the midbrain?
coordinates muscle groups and responses to sight and sound
46
What is the function of the forebrain?
receives, integrates sensory input, and determines complex behavior
47
What is the function of the medulla?
- controls vital automatic function (heart rate and breathing)
- connects brain and spinal cord
- motor nerves cross over here
48
What is the function of the cerebellum?
-coordinates basic body movements
-stores and replicates sequences of skilled movements
(excessive alcohol disrupts function)
49
What is the function of the pons?
- connects higher brain centers to spinal cord
- coordinates flow of info between cerebellum and higher brain centers
- aids medulla in respiration regulation
50
How does the midbrain control vision and hearing?
- coordinates movement of head related to vision and hearing
| - controls eye movement and pupil size
51
What is the function of reticular formation?
- helps control skeletal muscle activity related to posture/balance
- maintains wakefulness
52
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
homeostasis
53
What is the function of the thalamus?
receive, process, and transfer center
54
What is the function of the cerebrum?
- language
- decision making
- conscious thought
55
What is the structure of the cerebrum?
right and left hemisphere (connected by corpus callosum)
56
What is the function of the cerebral cortex (grey matter)?
- memory storage
- abstract thought
- conscious awareness
- conscious control of skeletal muscles
57
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
process visual info
58
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
- interprets auditory info
| - comprehends spoke/written language
59
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
receives and interprets sensory info from the skin
60
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
- initiates motor activity
- speech
- conscious thought
61
What is the function of al four lobes?
long term memory storage
62
What is the function of the Reticular Activating System?
controls level of sleep and wakefulness
| serotonin for sleep and norepinephrine for wakefulness
63
What does the hypothalamus serve as?
gateway to and from limbic system
64
Function of the limbic system?
- seek food, satisfy thirst
- sexual gratification
- behavior modified by cerebellum
- pathways involving emotion and memory (short term memory)
65
What is short term memory?
- working memory
- info from last few hours
- stored in limbic system
66
What is long term memory?
- info from days or years ago
| - involves permanent changes in cerebral cortex neurons and synapses
67
What is a stimulus?
sensory input that causes some change within or outside the body (heat, pressure, sound, etc.)
68
What is a receptor?
a structure that detects stimuli and converts its energy into another form
69
How are nerve impulses transmitted?
from receptors to specific portions of the brain
70
What is the function of sensory adaptation?
allows the CNS to concentrate on important stimuli and ignore noncritical ones to maintain homeostasis
71
What receptors adapt?
- light touch
- pressure
- smell
72
What receptors do not adapt?
- pain
- joint
- muscle
73
Where do somatic sensations arise from?
receptors located throughout the body
| temp, pressure, touch, vibration, pain, awareness of body position
74
Where do special sense arise from?
receptors restricted to specific areas of the body (taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision)
75
What is myopia?
- near sightedness
- distant objects focus in front of the retina
- concave lenses correct this
76
What is hyperopia?
- far sightedness
- near objects focus behind the retina
- corrected with convex lenses
77
What is an astigmatism?
- irregularities in the cornea or lens
| - corrected with specially ground lenses that compensate for lens irregularities
78
What is rhodopsin?
a Moto pigment within rods
| sensitive to light
79
What is vision dependent on at night?
rods (no color vision; greater density of rods away from the fovea)
80
What are the three types of cones?
- red
- blue
- green
81
How does the brain interpret color?
by ratios of impulses coming from ganglion cells connected to the three cone types
82
What is the function of cones?
-responsible for visual activity
-color vision
(require stronger light)
83
What is the function of the outer ear?
receives and channels sound
84
What is the function of the middle ear?
amplifies sound
85
What is the function of the inner ear?
-sorts sound by tone
-senses rotational movement
-senses static position and linear acceleration
(converts all to impulses)
86
What is the function of the sclera?
covers and protects eye
87
Function of the cornea?
bends incoming light
88
Function of the aqueous humor?
nourishes and cushions cornea and lens
89
Function of the iris?
adjusts amount of incoming light
90
Function of the lens?
regulates focus
91
Function of the ciliary muscle?
adjusts curvature of lens
92
Function of vitreous humor?
transmits light to retina
93
Function of the retina?
absorbs light and converts to impulses
94
Function of the macula?
central region of the retina with the highest density of photoreceptors
95
Function of the optic disk?
"blind spot" where optic nerve exits the eye
96
Function of the optic nerve?
transmits impulses to brain
97
Function of the choroid?
nourishes retina and absorbs light not absorbed by retinal photoreceptors
98
What do mechanoreceptors detect?
- touch/pressure
- vibration
- stretch
- hearing
- balance
99
What do thermo receptors detect?
temperature
100
What do pain receptors detect?
pain
101
What do chemoreceptors detect?
taste and smell
102
What do photoreceptors detect?
vision
103
What is the endocrine system?
a collection of specialized cells and tissues that secrete hormones
104
What are endocrine glands?
ductless organs that secrete hormones into the blood, interstitial fluid and lymph
105
What are hormones
chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine system that circulate the blood stream and act on specific cells (target cells) in the body
106
What does the endocrine system interact with?
nervous system (endocrine is slower)
107
What are steroid hormones?
hormones that are structurally related to cholesterol and are lipid soluble
108
What are non steroid hormones?
hormones that are structurally related to proteins and are lipid insoluble but are water soluble
109
Function of non steroid hormones?
- bind to receptors on target cells
- work through intermediate mechanisms to activate existing enzymes
- fast acting
110
Function of ADH?
targets the kidneys to reduce the amount of water lost in urine
111
Function of oxytocin?
targets the uterus and mammary glands to induce uterine contractions and the ejection of milk from the mammary glands
112
Function of ACTH?
targets the adrenal cortex to stimulate the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids
113
Function of TSH?
targets the thyroid gland to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones
114
Function of FSH?
targets ovaries and testes to stimulate egg maturation and secretion of estrogen in females and to stimulate the formation of sperm in men
115
Function of LH?
targets the ovaries and testes to stimulate ovulation and secretion of progesterone in women and to stimulate testosterone secretion in men
116
Function of PRL?
targets mammary glands to stimulate the development of mammary gland cells and the production of milk
117
Function of GH?
targets most cells to stimulate growth in young individuals, help with cell division, help with protein synthesis, and with metabolism in adults
118
Function of the autonomic division of the CNS?
- controls automatic body functions of many internal organs
- made up of two parts; sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (relaxation); both of these divisions enervate each organ
119
What does the autonomic division target?
- smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle
- internal organs
120
What are the parts of the outer ear?
- pinna
| - auditory canal
121
What are the parts of the middle ear?
- eardrum
- maleus
- incus
- stapes
- oval window
- auditory tube
122
Function of the eardrum?
serves as a patrician between the outer and inner ear
123
Function of the auditory tube?
keeps atmospheric pressure
124
Function of the auditory tube?
keeps atmospheric pressure
125
What is depolarization?
sodium move in
