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Rad105 > Test 1 - Chpt 1, 5, 10 > Flashcards

Test 1 - Chpt 1, 5, 10 Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

When was the first radiograph produced?

A

December 22, 1895

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2
Q

First person to die from radiation

A

Clarence Dally

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3
Q

Fundamental quantities

A

Mass, length, time

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4
Q

Derived quantities

A

Velocity, acceleration, force, momentum, work, power

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5
Q

Radiologic quantities

A

Dose, dose equivalent, exposure, radioactivity

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6
Q

Measure of the number of electrons liberated by ionization per kilogram of air
“Exposure in Air”

A

Coulomb/kilogram (C/kg)

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7
Q

Unit for absorbed dose
- Quantity of radiation energy absorbed by tissues being irradiated

A

Gray

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8
Q

What is used to quantify occupational exposure or dose equivalent

A

Sievert

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9
Q

What is KERMA

A

Quantity of radiation energy delivered to a given point
(Kinetic Energy Released per Unit Mass)

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10
Q

What is ALARA

A

As low as reasonably achievable
- minimize radiation dose to the patient, oneself, and others

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11
Q

What is ORP

A

Optimization for Radiation Protection
- Basically same as ALARA

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12
Q

3 cardinal Principles of Radiation Protextion

A

Shielding
Time
Distance

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13
Q

The x-ray tube consists of what? (4)

A

Anode
Cathode
Induction motor
Glass/metal enclosure

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14
Q

Main purpose of the glass/metal enclosure of an x-ray tube

A

To maintain a vacuum within the tube to prevent electrical arcing

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15
Q

What is the positive end of the tube, what is it’s purpose, what type of conductor is it

A

Anode
- Provides the target for electron interaction to produce x-rays
- Electrical and thermal conductor

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16
Q

Advantage of a rotating anode rather than a stationary anode

A

Rotating anode spreads the heat

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17
Q

Some materials that are used in the anode

A

Copper
Molybdenum
Tungsten
Rhenium

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18
Q

How is the anode rotated, and what are the two parts of the motor

A

Induction motor
Stator - made up of electromagnets arranged in pairs
Rotor - made of an iron core surrounded by coils

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19
Q

By angling the face of the anode target, what can be maintained and what can be created?
(Line-Focus Principle)

A

Large actual focal spot size

Small effective focal spot size

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20
Q

Decreasing the anode angle does what to the effective focal spot

A

Makes it smaller

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21
Q

What angle does the target face need to be for the effective focal spot to be smaller than the actual

A

45 degrees

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22
Q

Common target angles and the range for a general-purpose tube

A

12 degrees
7-18 degrees

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23
Q

The angle causes the intensity of the x-ray beam to be what on the anode side and what on the cathode side
(Anode heel effect)

A

Less
More

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24
Q

Why does the anode heel effect occur?

A

Some of the x-rays are absorbed in the target heel

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25
Decreasing target angle does what to the anode heel effect?
Increases it
26
If you decrease the SID what happens to the anode heel effect
It increases
27
What is the negative end of the x-ray tube
Cathode
28
What does the cathode provide
Source of electrons needed for x-ray production
29
What is the cathode made up of
The filaments and the focusing cup
30
(T/F) the focusing cup surrounds the filaments back and sides, leaving the front open and facing the anode target
True
31
What is Thermionic emission
The boiling off of electrons at the filament
32
3 things needed to produce x-rays
1. Large potential difference to give kinetic energy to filament electrons (kVp) 2. A vehicle on which kinetic energy can ride 3. A place for interaction (target anode)
33
Factors that can shorten x-ray tube life
- Frequent use of high exposure factors - use of lower but very long exposures - overloading the filament
34
HU formula
HU = kVp x mAs x time x constant
35
Single phase = ?
1
36
3 phase 6 pulse = ?
1.35
37
3 phase 12 pulse = ?
1.41
38
High frequency = ?
1.45
39
How to warm up the machines
3 exposures (all Large focal spot; non-Bucky) - 60 kVp ; 1 mAs - 65 kVp ; 5 mAs - 70 kVp ; 10 mAs
40
Fuji System - The type of system - What happens if you double the mAs - what’s the range
(Sensitivity numbers) S# - indirect system - S# cuts in half - Have to use chart to see specific body part (The lower the number the higher the exposure, and opposite)
41
AGFA System CR - The type of system - What happens if you double the mAs - what’s the range
Uses log mean LgM, Direct System - LgM increases by 0.3 - (2.0 - 2.3)
42
Delworks - The type of system - What happens if you double the mAs - what’s the range
Uses DI (Deviation Index) - Direct System - DI increases by 3.0 - (-3.0 - 3.0)
43
Transfer of heat from one substance to another due to contact
Conduction
44
Energy that is transferred in the form of rays/waves
Radiation
45
Transfer of heat through a fluid by molecular motion
Convection
46
Systems that use storage phosphors to temporarily store energy representing the image signal
Computed Radiography (CR)
47
Systems that have detectors that directly capture and read out an electronic image signal
Direct Radiography (DR)
48
Primary parts of a cassette-based system (4)
Cassette Photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate Plate reader Computer workstation
49
For CR systems, what senses the light released during scanning?
The photodetector
50
For a CR system, what converts light to an electronic signal
Analog-to-Digital converter (ADC)
51
Two types of DR capture categories
Direct and indirect
52
With digital receptors, the response to exposure is ______ and the range of exposures is very _____
Linear Wide (Dynamic range)
53
(T/F) Digital receptors can respond to exposure levels much lower and much higher than film
True
54
Computer software operations available to the radiographer/radiologist that allow manual manipulation of the displayed image
Postprocessing functions
55
What function allows the radiographer to expand any region of the grayscale to one that can be seen and differentiated. Often called “brightness”
Windowing-level
56
(T/F) Exposure indicators are the only way to know if we used the proper mAs/kVp values
True
57
Carestream (Kodak) - The type of system - What happens if you double the mAs - what’s the range
Exposure Index (EI) numbers - EI increases by 300 - (1,800 - 2,200)
58
(T/F) CR systems use dose area product (DAP) as an indicator of exposure
False DR systems
59
A measure of exposure in air measured by a meter embedded in the collimator
Dose Area Product (DAP)
60
What reflects both the dose to the patient and the total volume of tissue being irradiated
DAP
61
What represents the exposure at the detector relevant to the region being imaged and is defined by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
Exposure Index (EI)
62
What is the target reference exposure obtained from a properly exposed image receptor
Target exposure index (EIT)
63
A measure of the deviation of the EI from projection-specific EIT values
Deviation Index (DI)
64
If you increase the signal, what happens to the noise, and what is the result
Noise decreases Result is a better image
65
What is any undesirable fluctuation in image brightness
Image noise
66
What contributes to undesirable noise
The electronic components of digital imaging components
67
What are histograms of luminance values used as a reference to evaluate the input intensities and assign predetermined grayscale values
Look up tables (LUTs)
68
When were x-rays discovered?
November 8, 1895
69
The curie is an expression of
Quantity of radioactive material
70
X-ray examinations of the lower abdomen and pelvis of women in reproductive years should be limited to
The 10 days after the onset of menstruation
71
What reduces leakage radiation to required standards
Protective housing
72
Which component of the X-ray tube is responsible for concentrating the electron cloud
Focusing cup
73
The x-ray tube is part of the x-ray circuit primary or secondary?
Secondary
74
The intensity of the x-ray beam is less on what side?
Anode
75
Causes of tube failure are most often related to what?
Thermal characteristics
76
Which metal is added to the filament to increase thermionic emission and extend tube life?
Thorium
77
A small anode target results in an (increase or decrease) in anode heel effect?
Increase
78
(T/F) The purpose of the line focus principle is to create a small actual and large effective focal spot size
False Large actual focal spot size Small effective focal spot size
79
What is momentum
Mass of an object multiplied by it velocity p=mv kg-m/s
80
What is inertia or Newton’s first law of motion
An object at rest will stay at rest unless acted on by an external force
81
(T/F) Objects in motion have the additional characteristic of momentum
True
82
Equivalent SI to Standard C/kg = Gy = Sv = Bq =
Roentgen Rad Rem Curie
83
What is an ion pair?
An electron removed from an atom and the atom from which it came
84
Tungsten button embedded in a copper rod
Stationary anode
85
Disc made of molybdenum as a core material coated with tungsten and mounted on a copper shaft
Rotating anode
86
What type of tube did Dr. Roentgen work with
Crooked cathode ray tube
87
What type of radiation has enough energy to ionize atoms?
Ionizing radiation
88
SI unit for radiation intensity in the air
C/kg
89
SI unit of occupational exposure
Sievert
90
What is the regulation limit for leakage radiation at a distance of 1 meter
Less than 100 mR/hr
91
Range of exposure values to the receptor that produce an acceptable range of densities for the diagnostic purposes and are consistent with ALARA
Exposure latitude
92
Range of exposure intensities that an IR can respond to and use to acquire image data
Dynamic range
93
Part of the radiology department that stores images
Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS)
94
Allows for the exchange of medical images and information among modalities
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)
95
The term “tube loading” refers to what?
Heat energy creates in the x-ray tube
96
To reduce the chance of excessive heat production and X-ray tube damage, modify the
Filament size
97
What three factors has an influence on the heat capacity of an X-ray tube?
Anode rotation speed Focal spot size Exposure time
98
The loss of visually distinct brightness levels from off-focus radiation within the primary beam is described best as?
Contrast
99
The space charge effect limits the functional mA of the X-ray tube to about
1000 mA
100
What characteristic of off-focus radiation results in a loss of structural sharpness in a radiographic image?
Off-focus radiation is out of alignment with the primary beam
101
What two areas of an image should be shuttered?
Bright white Collimator shadows

Rad105 (6 decks)

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