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A&P II > Test 1 Circulatory Pathway > Flashcards

Test 1 Circulatory Pathway Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma

A
  • fluid
  • electrolytes
  • proteins
  • clotting factors
  • gases
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2
Q

Serum

A
  • fluid
  • electrolytes
  • proteins
  • gases
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3
Q

Function of erythrocytes

A

(Red Blood Cells) carry oxygen

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4
Q

Function of platelets

A

(Thrombocytes) blood clotting

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5
Q

Function of Lymphocytes

A

(Agranular leukocyte)
T lymphocyte-cell immunity
B lymphocyte-humoral immunity

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6
Q

Function of monocyte

A

(Agranular leukocyte) phagocytic, precursor to macrophages

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7
Q

Function of neutrophil

A

(polymorphonuclear leukocytes) phagocytic-kill bacteria

light colored granules

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8
Q

Function of basophil

A

(base loving) histamine (allergies), heparin (blood thinner)

Contains purple granules

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9
Q

Function of Eosinophils

A

(acid loving) Fight parasitic worms

Contains red granules

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10
Q

Average Blood Volume

A

5 liters

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11
Q

Normal hemotocrit

A

Males: 45% (+/-7%)
Females: 42% (+/- 5%)

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12
Q

Normal Red Blood Count

A

Males: 5.0x10[6] mm[3]
Females: 4.8x10[6] mm[3]

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13
Q

Difference between anemia and polycemia

A

Low hemotocrit values may indicate anemia while hight values may indicate polycthemia

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14
Q

Structure of protein hemoglobin

A

Four polypeptide chaines (2 alpha-a chains & 2 beta chains), each containing a heme unit.
Iron binds in the middle of each heme group.

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15
Q

Life Span of Erythrocytes

A

105-120 days

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16
Q

Recycling of RBC

A

Macrophage cells phagocytose RBCs, breaking down hemoglobin. Iron is returned to bone marrow for production of new hemoglobin, bilirubin is transported to the liver, where it is excreted into the intestine as bile.

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17
Q

What hormone is produced by the liver and kidney to control erythropoiesis?

A

Erythropoietin

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18
Q

What is the immediate precursor to erythrocyte?

A

Reticulocytes

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19
Q

Normal WBC

A

4,500-10,000 WBC/microliter

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20
Q

Order of abundance (high to low) of the 5 types of WBC?

A

Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil

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21
Q

What determines blood type?

A

Antigens on the surface of RBCs

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22
Q

Transfusion Reactions

A

Type O receives O (universal donor)
Type A receives A & O
Type B receives B & O
Type AB (universal recipient) receives O, A, B, AB

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23
Q

What conditions lead to erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

Rh- mother pregnant with an Rh+ baby

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24
Q

What ion is needed for blood clotting?

25
Differences in intrinsic and extrinsic (Stage 1) clotting mechanism
Extrinsic-trauma which leads to tissue damage | Intrinsic-damage to the interior of blood vessels
26
Stage 2 Blood Clotting Mechanism
Prothrombin is converted to thrombin with the aid of prothrombinase
27
Stage 3 Blood Clotting Mechanism
Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin with the aid of thrombin
28
Structure of pericardium
* Fibrous pericardium-outside of pericardium sac * Inner portion which is the serous pericardium * Pericardium Cavity-contains a serous fluid * Visceral Pericardium-innermost part of the pericardium, aka epicardium
29
Layers of the heart
* Epicardium-outer layer, connective tissue * Myocardium-middle layer, cardiac muscle tissue * Endocardium-Endothelium, trabeculae
30
Four chambers of heart
Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle
31
Four valves of the heart
A-V VALVES *Tricuspid, between r atrium & r ventricle *Biscuspid,between L atrium & L ventricle SEMILUNAR VALVES *Pulmonary SL Valve, between r ventricle & pulmonary trunk *Aorta SL Valve, between the L ventricle & aorta arch
32
4 Groups of blood vessels that bring blood to and away from heart
* Superior and Inferior Vena Cava-bring blood to the R atrium * Pulmonary Trunk-leads out of the R ventricle * Pulmonary Veins-Comes from the lungs and goes to the left atrium * Aorta-Blood comes from the L ventricle & goes to the Aorta Arch
33
Blood vessels for coronary circulation
Right and Left Coronary Arteries
34
Structures of the Conduction System of the Heart
* Sinoatrial Node (S-A node)-pacemaker * Atrioventricular Node (A-V node) * AV Bundle (Bundle of His) * Purkinje Fibers
35
Nerves that go to the pacemaker of the heart
Sympathetic fibers-superior, middle, & inferior cardiac nerves
36
Layers of tissue in walls of blood vessels
* Tunica Adventitia - Outermost layer, connective tissue, in veins it is the thickest layer * Tunica Media - 2 layers: smooth muscle layer (receives nerves),which is thicker in arteries & elastic tissue * Tunica Intima - Endothelium cells, veins have valves; arteries do not
37
Arteriole
Resistance vessels, smallest arteries, important in regulating blood flow to end organs
38
Venules
small veins, precapillary sphincter muscles
39
3 major blood vessels that come off the aorta arch
Brachiocephalic, Left Common Carotid, Left Subclavian
40
Blood vessels that branch off the thoracic aorta (4)
Bronchial, Esophageal, Intercostal, Superior Phrenic
41
Blood vessels that branch off the abdominal aorta (9)
Celiac, Superior Messenteric, Suprarenal, Renal, Gonadal, Inferior Messenteric, Common Iliac, External Iliac, Internal Iliac
42
Blood vessels of the arm
Axillary, Brachial, Radial, Ulnar, Digital
43
Blood vessels of the leg
External Iliac, Femoral, Popliteal, Anterior Tibial, Posterior Tibial, Digital
44
P Wave
Atrial depolarization
45
QRS Complex
Ventricular depolarization
46
T Wave
Ventricular repolarization
47
What factors influence the heart rate?
* Anxiety, fear-heart rate increases * Exercise-heart rate increases * epinephrine (hormone)-heart rate increases * hot receptors are stimulated-heart rate increases * Grief-heart rate decreases
48
Normal blood pressure
120/80
49
Definition of diastole & systole
Diastole-relaxation of the heart | Systole-contraction of the heart
50
What occurs during heart sounds (lub/dub)?
* Lub-sound of A-V valves closing, start of systolic | * Dub-sound of SL valves closing
51
Formula for Cardiac Output
CO=Stroke Volume(sv) X Heart Rate (HR)
52
Factors that increase Cardiac Output?
* Increases in HR * Increases in SV * Increases in Cardiac Output and peripheral resistance tend to make blood pressure higher
53
What is the Starling Law?
The greater the strength of the heart (large volume), the greater the strength of contraction (within limits).
54
What factors increase viscosity of blood?
* Increased protein in the plasma * Increased number of RBC (hematocrit) * Increased viscosity increases peripheral resistance
55
How is venous blood returned to the heart?
* Respiratory pump * Decreased thoracic pressure (during inspiration) * Increased thoracic pressure (during expiration) * Pushes blood in central veins into heart * deeper respirations increase venous return to heart
56
Five hormones that affect the heart
* Aldosterone, Angiotensin I & II, ADH, Rennin - increase blood pressure * ANH - decreases blood pressure
57
Vasoconstriction
More blood returns to the heart causing an increase in CO
58
Vasodilation
less blood returns to the heart causing a decrease in CO
59
Examples of Pulse Points
Radial, Carotid, Femoral, Brachial

A&P II (3 decks)

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