Test 1: Drugs Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
Dissociative Anesthetics
A
Ketamine
Tiletamine (Telazol)
2
Q
The minimum acceptable level of oxygen for delivery
of anesthetic gas
A
30 - 35%
(FiO2 = 0.30 - 0.35)
Fraction of inspired oxygen
3
Q
The metabolic requirement for oxygen
A
5 - 10 mL/kg/min
4
Q
The pressure in a patient’s lungs
A
<15 psi
5
Q
The capacity of an E-cylinder
A
660 L
6
Q
The capacity of an H-cylinder
A
6600 L
7
Q
Equation for calculating remaining oxygen in an E cylinder
(given psi of E-cylinder)
A
2200 psi/ 660 L = psi left on E tank/ Flow (L/min)
8
Q
Equation for calculating minutes left of oxygen in E-cylinder
A
X Liters/ Flow (L/min)
9
Q
The pressure in the flush valve
A
50 psi
10
Q
Boiling point of Desflurane
A
Room temp! 23.5C
11
Q
Anesthetic gases used for short induction and recovery
A
Iso, Sevo, Des
12
Q
Anesthetic gas used for long induction and recovery
A
Halothane
13
Q
Mild analgesic gas with a low blood-gas PC
A
Nitrous Oxide
14
Q
Acepromazine and Benzodiazepine are
A
Sedatives
15
Q
Mu opioid antagonist and kappa opioid agonist
A
Butorphanol
16
Q
Opioid reversal agent
A
Naloxone
17
Q
Drugs included in the Triple Drip for sedation
A
Guaifenesin (GG)
Ketamine
Xylazine
18
Q
Xylazine and Romifidine are the preferred sedatives
used in horses
(because they cause less ataxia than Detomidine)
What is the MOA?
A
Alpha-2 AGONISTS
19
Q
The mainstay of equine pain relief,
these drugs have a long duration and can be given
per os
A
NSAIDS
Phenylbutazone
and
Flunixin meglumine
20
Q
Drug used to reduce risk of nasal edema in horses
A
phenylephrine
21
Q
A TECA patient woke up vocalizing and struggling,
which drugs could you give?
A
Hydromorphone (opioid agonist)
or
Dexmedetomidine (anxiolytic, sedative, analgesic)
22
Q
IV anesthetic to AVOID in greyhounds
A
Thiobarbiturates
(Thiopental)
23
Q
The sleep time in greyhounds is longer with this drug
A
Propofol
24
Q
Drugs to avoid in collies (herding breeds) due to
MDR1 gene, which codes for p-glycoprotein,
a drug transport pump that limits ADME, particularly from
the brain, which results in drug toxicity
A
Ivermectins
Acepromazine
Butorphanol
25
A sedative/antiemetic drug that should be AVOIDED
in conjunction with cardiac/renal meds
Acepromazine
26
SSRIs and MAOIs have interactions with this drug,
an opioid to treat pain,
which can result in Serotonin Syndrome if given
in conjunction
Tramadol
27
Vomiting is seen commonly after premed
administration of this category of drug
Opioids
28
Routine coadministration of an
A2-Agonist and an Anticholinergic
(Medetomidine; Atropine)
is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
_CONTRAindicated!_
29
The MOA of Atipamezole
Alpha-2 ANTAGonist
30
Cardiovascular effects of this category of drugs include:
Strong Vasoconstriction
(causing increased systemic vascular resistance and high BP)
and then Reflex Bradycardia
(resulting in decreased tissue perfusion)
A2 Agonists
31
This drug may cause uterine contractions and abortion
in cattle
Xylazine
32
Atropine and Glycopyrrolate are
Anticholinergics
33
If you want to increase heart rate and decrease salivation/bronchial secretions,
which drugs should you give?
Anticholinergics (Atropine, Glycopyrrolate)
34
Which anticholinergic is preferred in Rabbits?
Glycopyrrolate
(due to increased capacity to breakdown Ach)
35
Which anticholinergic crosses the BBB and can cause
CNS toxicity?
Atropine
36
The strongest available sedatives, except in pigs, are
A2 Agonists
37
The strong sedative drugs with the
most important CV side effects
are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, causing
strong vasoconstriction --\> reflex bradycardia --\>
low tissue perfusion
A2 Agonists
38
Name the category of drugs the following belong to:
Xylazine
Medetomidine
Dexmedetomidine
Detomidine
Romifidine
A2 Agonists
| (strong sedation, CV side effects)
39
Name the category of drugs the following belong to:
Atipamezole
Yohimbine
Tolazoline
A2- ANTAGonists
40
The A2-Agonist drug dosed based on body surface area in the US
Medetomidine
41
The preferred A2-Agonist for sedation in horses
Romifidine
| (less ataxia than Xylazine)
42
Always use ________ to antagonize
any A2 receptor agonist
_ATIPAMEZOLE_
(reverse xylazine, medetomine, dexmedetomidine, romifidine)
43
A sedative/antiemetic drug that acts
as an *antagonist* on several receptors
(Dopamine, Serotonin, A1, Histamine)
Acepromazine (Phenothiazine)
44
This sedative/antiemetic drug can cause DEATH
in hypovolemic patients
Acepromazine
45
T/F:
Acepromazine can be used to treat pain
FALSE!
No analgesic effect
46
Why would you not want to use Acepromazine
in a dog with Von Willebrands?
It inhibits platelet function
47
Acepromazine can cause this problem in male horses
Penile prolapse
48
Boxers are sensitive to the bradycardic effects of
this drug
Acepromazine
49
This drug can be used to treat or prevent opioid dysphoria
and also has an antihistamic effect
Acepromazine
50
What are the CV effects of Acepromazine?
Acts on A1 (as well as other receptors) causing
Vasodilation and hypotension
51
These drugs, similar to Acepromazine, are
*more likely to cause behavioral side effects*
but are less hypotensive, and stronger anti-emetics than Ace.
Butyrphenones
| (Droperidol, Azaperone)
52
These drugs are GABA receptor AGONISTS
and are used for
sedation, anticonvulsion, and muscle relaxation
Benzodiazepines
| (Diazepam, Midazolam)
53
T/F:
Benzodiazepines (Diazepam, Midazolam)
are good for decreasing pain
FALSE!
No analgesic effect!
54
T/F:
Benzodiazepines, (Diazepam, Midazolam)
have many CV and respiratory effects
and should be used with caution
FALSE!
Minimal CV and Resp. effects are produced
by benzos
55
Which benzodiazepine is more potent and shorter acting?
Midazolam
56
Which drug antagonizes benzodiazepines
(Diazepam, Midazolam)?
Flumazenil (GABA receptor antagonist)
57
Describe the species specific effects of benzodiazepines
(Diazepam, Midazolam)
Dogs, Cats, Horses: Disorientation, Excitement
Better sedative effect in: Ruminants and Pigs
58
What would you combine benzodiazepines with
for premedication?
Opioids or A2 Agonists
59
What would you combine benzodiazepines with
for induction?
Ketamine, barbiturates (phenobarb), or propofol
60
T/F:
Benzodiazepines (Diazepam, Midazolam)
can be used to terminated Status Epilepticus
TRUE!
61
This class of drugs are the
strongest available systemic **analgesics**
Opioids
62
Which drug category is best for treatment of
acute pain, but not great for chronic pain due to dependence?
Opioids
63
Which side effects are more prominent
when using opioids?
CV or respiratory
Respiratory! There are minimal CV side effects
64
Name the 3 opioid full mu agonists
| (aka most potent)
Morphine
Fentanyl
Hydromorphone
65
This opioid is a partial agonist, which acts
as an antagonist on mu receptors, but an agonist on k receptors
Butorphanol
66
Which is more likely to cause vomiting and why?
Fentanyl or Morphine
Morphine is more likely to cause vomiting;
Water soluble --\> enters brain slowly --\> vomiting
(Fentanyl is lipid soluble, so it enters fast)
67
This opioid, although a cheap and strong analgesic,
is not the best choice due to its potential to cause
vomiting and histamine release.
It is also converted to an active metabolite in the liver.
Morphine
68
This full mu opioid agonist is a better choice than morphine
because it does not promote histamine release
Hydromorphone
69
Name the long-acting opioid agonists
Morphine
Hydromorphone
Buprenorphine
70
This opioid analgesic is a full mu agonist (strong analgesic)
with fast onset and short duration.
It does not cause histamine release and can
be used CRI!
Fentanyl
71
This opioid agonist is the SHORTEST ACTING opioid
making it ideal for CRI because it only lasts 5 minutes
Remifentanil
72
This partial opioid agonist is a weak and short-acting
analgesic, and can be used in combo with
Benzos or A2 agonists for premedication
Butorphanol
73
This partial MU agonist is a stronger analgesic
than Butorphanol and much longer acting.
It is given to cats because it causes less excitation
than full mu agonists
Buprenorphine
74
This weak opioid analgesic is metabolized in the liver
and its metabolite is a mu opioid agonist.
This drug itself inhibits NE and Serotonin reuptake
(another mechanism of analgesia).
Tramadol
75
What fast-acting, short duration opioid antagonist
would you want to give to reverse
respiratory depression in small animals?
NALOXONE!
76
This drug is an antihistamine (H1 antagonist)
that antagonizes the
cardiovascular effects of histamine in the case
of anaphylaxis
Diphenhydramine
77
These drugs are H2 antagonists (antihistamines)
that increase the pH of the stomach for GI protection
and can be given as a premed for mast cell tumor removal
Ranitidine
Famotidine
Cimetidine
78
The following drugs can all be used for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:
Ketamine, Tiletamine
Propofol
Thiopental, Pentobarbital
Etomidate, Metomidate
Alphaxalone
INDUCTION of anesthesia!!!
79
This dissociative anesthetic induction agent
causes catecholamine release which increases HR and contractility, but during anesthesia, when catecholamine release is inhibited, will cause (-) inotropy
Ketamine
80
This induction agent has weird CV effects,
and increases ICP, but is good for asthmatics due
to minimal respiratory effects
KETAMINE
81
This drug is good for a smooth induction and recovery due to having a fast onset and short duration.
It has a mild depressive effect on the CV system
and causes more significant problems with respiration, including decreased RR and potentially apnea.
The best feature is that it **decreases ICP!** (Unlike ketamine)
Propofol
82
Which induction drug is better for a neuro trauma patient?
Ketamine or Propofol
Propofol!
It decreases ICP!
83
Which induction agent is better for asthmatic patients?
Ketamine or Propofol?
KETAMINE!
Minimal respiratory depression
84
This induction drug is the best choice in
hemodynamically unstable patients
due to having almost NO CV EFFECTS
Etomidate!
85
Although great for induction of CV patients,
this drug can cause vomiting when unconscious and sometimes
excitement and muscle twitches
Etomidate
86
This new and promising induction drug is a neurosteroid
with minimal CV effects
Alfaxalone
87
Which induction drug can cause tachycardia?
Ketamine
