Test II: Ruminant Anesthesia Flashcards by Preeti Gulve

What is the general recommendation for

withdrawal time of MILK after

ruminant anesthesia?

3 days at least

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What is the general recommendation for

withdrawal time of MEAT after

ruminant anesthesia?

7 days at least

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T/F:

Ruminants are the most sensitive species

to the effects of Xylazine

TRUE

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What type of ruminant is the MOST

sensitive to the effects of xylazine

Goats

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List the species in order of their increasing

tolerance to the effects of xylazine

Goats> Cows> Sheep

(Brahman>Holstein>Hereford)

(then horse>swine)

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Xylazine and Detomidine are

both this type of drug

Alpha-2 Agonists

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This drug can produce uterine contractions

in ruminants, potentially causing an abortion

Xylazine

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Which alpha-2 agonist would you choose

to use in a pregnant cow for anesthesia?

Detomidine

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This drug causes hyperglycemia in

cattle and sheep

Xylazine

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Why should you avoid xylazine in sheep?

Xylazine causes hypoxemia and

associated pulmonary edema in sheep

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What are the systemic side effects

associated with Alpha-2 Agonists?

CV depression

Respiratory depression

Decreased motility –> rumen atony and bloat

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Which of the following drugs

has a profound depressant effect on the GIT?

Acepromazine

Alpha-2 Agonists

Benzodiazepines

Opioids

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Which of the following drugs is used to

sedate small and young ruminants?

Acepromazine

Alpha-2 Agonists

Benzodiazepines

Opioids

Benzodiazepines

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Which of the following drugs SHOULD NOT

be used in debilitated animals?

Acepromazine

Alpha-2 Agonists

Benzodiazepines

Opioids

Acepromazine and

Alpha-2 Agonists (xylazine, detomidine)

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Which of the following drugs

produces profound sedation?

Acepromazine

Alpha-2 Agonists

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Which of the following drugs should you AVOID

in large ruminants (unless used in induction)

due to it causing Ataxia?

Acepromazine

Alpha-2 Agonists

Benzodiazepines

Opioids

Benzodiazepines

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Because ruminants are so sensitive to

Xylazine, what is the recommended dosage?

20 mg/mL

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What drug can be added in standing sedation

to decrease the dose of xylazine?

Butorphanol

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A young calf was sedated with Xylazine

in order to acquire rads for its head.

What can you use at the end of the procedure

to reverse the profound sedatory effects of

Xylazine?

Yohimbine, Atipamezole, or Tolazoline

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For which nerve is a local anesthetic block

indicated for dehorning in cattle?

Cornual branch of the

zygomaticotemporal (lachrymal) nerve

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Caudal epidural is indicated in which

two circumstances?

obstetric procedures

and

rectal tenesmus

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Between which 2 vertebrae is the needle

placed for a caudal epidural?

Between Co1 and Co2

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T/F: A standing anesthetic procedure can

be performed for the following scenarios:

Laparotomy

Rumenectomy

Celiotomy

C-section

Ovariectomy

Correction of GI displacement

TRUE

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What is the reversal agent of choice

for Alpha-2 Agonist use in ruminants?

Tolazoline

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What mode of administration should you use for Tolazoline (reversal agent of Alpha-2 Agonists like Xylazine) and why?

IM! Serious side effects with IV admin

What is the fasting protocol for General Anesthesia in adult cattle?

No food for at least 24h No water for 12 - 18h

What is the fasting protocol for General Anesthesia in calves, sheep, and goats?

No food for 12 - 18h No water for 8 - 12h

This is a common vagal effect of fasting in cattle

bradycardia

What vein is used for general anesthesia in ruminants?

Jugular vein

What is the minimum catheter size to use in ruminants?

14g

What meds are used in ruminants for sedation/premed?

Acepromazine Xylazine Detomidine Butorphanol

Why can premedication not be necessary in ruminants?

If tractable, may walk into induction room, so sedation becomes a part of induction

This drug is a centrally acting muscle relaxant. It provides no sedation or analgesia. It is used to improve quality of anesthesia and reduce the dosage rate of the anesthetic. It has NO CV or Respiratory effects (unless very high dose)

GG 5% Gualacolate Glycerine

What are the options for induction in ruminants?

_{1: Xylazine + Butorphanol-->} _{GG-->Thiopental or Ketamine +/- Diazepam} _{2. Xylazine + Butorphanol -->} _{GG + Ketamine = Double Drip} _{3. Xylazine + Butorphanol-->} GG + Thiopental

1 mL = _____ mg

1 mL = .001 mg

What are the disadvantages of GG?

Slower induction and large volume of drug to administer

T/F: Ruminants should always be kept sternal once down until intubated (and cuff inflated)

TRUE

When positioning a ruminant in lateral recumbency for general anesthesia, why should you keep their legs parallel?

To prevent nerve damage and muscle myopathy

What is the protocol for maintenance of GA in ruminants?

O2 Flow/Isoflurane Balanced electrolyte solution Intra-op Butorphanol (analgesia) Ketamine, GG, Thiopental on hand in case too light

What artery is used for for direct blood pressure monitoring and blood gas analysis?

Auricular artery

T/F: Indirect BP monitoring is not an option in very large ruminants

TRUE

What signs indicate a good plane of anesthesia in ruminants?

rolled eyeball; lack of palpebral reflex; lack of swallow

Why must bovines be mechanically ventilated while under GA?

Bovines will hypoventilate and will develope V/Q mismatch in relatively short time \< 1 h

Keep ETCO2 less than \_\_\_\_\_\_

\< 55-60

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ helps to reduce bloat and avoid aspiration of the fluid that could accumulate

Rumen tube

T/F: Anticholinergics can be used to decrease saliva volume during GA

FALSE! only make it more viscous –- do not use unless necessary to treat bradycardia

Heart rate- should be ____ bpm in large bovine

60-80 bpm

Keep mean BP _____ mmHg for ruminants under GA

\> 70 mmHg

T/F: Large bovines often will have increasing BP during surgery

TRUE and it is not necessarily due to inadequate anesthesia

T/F: Unlike horses, cattle recover well and calmly and do not make premature attempts to stand

TRUE

What are the toxic signs of lidocaine (local anesthetic) overdose? (Goats sensitive!)

hypotension, drowsiness/sedation, twitching and clonic spasms, respiratory depression, convulsions

T/F: Neonates (calves) should not be fasted prior to GA to avoid hypoglycemia

TRUE

What is the sedation protocol for sheep, goats, and young calves?

Can be sedated with benzodiazepines (Midazolam) +/- butorphanol Xylazine usually NOT necessary

What is the premed protocol for sheep, goats, and young calves?

Acepromazine + Morphine

Why is it important to use EXTREME caution with Xylazine and other Alpha-2 Agonists in sheep?

Mechanism – thought to be increased pulmonary vascular resistance – results in increased alveolar pressures and alveolar edema due to vasoconstriction in pulmonary vasculature

What is the induction protocol for sheep, goats, and young calves?

Ketamine or Ketamine + Propofol

While intubating a calf, it is important to remember to keep _______ by the nose

O2 (high flow)

How do you verify proper tracheal placement of the ETT?

ETCO2 and seeing condensation in tube

What is added to fluids for neonates under GA?

Dextrose

For calves/small ruminants under GA: heart rate should be _______ bpm

80 - 120 bpm

For calves/small ruminants under GA: Systolic should be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Diastolic should be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Mean should be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Systolic- 90 - 120 Diastolic- 60 - 80 Mean- 75 - 100

Maintain ETCO2 \< \_\_\_\_\_ in calves, sheep, and goats under GA

\<55 mmHg

For calves/small ruminants, blood pressure is measured using \_\_\_\_\_\_ at the ______ artery

BP measured using _doppler_ at the _median_ artery

What is a potential complication associated with ventilating sheep and other ruminants due to less fibrous lung connective tissue?

Pneumothorax

For post-op analgesia, which meds are used in calves and small ruminants?

Flunixin or Buprenorphine

Atipamezole and Tolazoline are the reversal agents for this medication

Xylazine

The camelid stomach is divided into ____ compartments

Camelids do not have a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ The jugular vein lies deep to the muscles (cranially) and superficlal to the carotid artery and vagosympathetic trunk

_jugular groove_

Use the _______ jugular vein in order to avoid the esophagus in camelids

_right_

For venous access and catheterization in camelids you should aim high or low on the neck. What are the advantages and disadvantages of aiming HIGH?

Advantage: less likely to hit the carotid artery because the omohyoideus muscle lies in between the artery and the jugular vein Disadvantage: skin is much thicker, movement of head makes catheterization difficult

For venous access and catheterization in camelids you should aim high or low on the neck. What are the pros and cons of aiming LOW?

Advantage – bony landmarks of the 5, 6 verterbral process for location; jugular easier to distend –skin is thinner Disadvantage- No protection from the carotid artery

For llamas and alpacas, what is the most widely used protocol for premed/sedation in field settings?

Xylazine / Ketamine / Butorphanol IV

What meds are used for induction in camelids?

Propofol; or Ketamine with midazolam

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is used to reduce nasal edema in camelids before recovery due to being obligate nasal breathers

Phenylephrine

Test II: Ruminant Anesthesia Flashcards

(74 cards)