Test 1: Example Questions Flashcards by Preeti Gulve

Microcytic anemia in domestic animals

is most often associated with

Iron deficiency

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Splenctomy is almost always required in the

pathogenesis of hemolytic anemia in

which pathogen?

Mycoplasma haemocanis

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Which morphologic abnormality is seen

in RBCs 24-48 hours following

rattlesnake envenomation?

Echinocytes

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What are leukocytes?

White blood cells:

Neutrophils

Basophils

Eosinophils

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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How do you determine the percentage of

reticulocytes?

%retics/ #RBC

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How do you best explain how neutrophils develop

toxic change?

Rapid multiplication and shortened maturation

time in bone marrow

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What would indicate a “Left Shift”

on a CBC?

An increase in BAND neutrophils

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The best explanation for the increase in MCV

in a dog with IMHA is

Agglutination and Reticulocytosis

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The most probable cause of

thrombocytopenia in a dog with IMHA is

Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

DIC

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Which laboratory test is most likely to be helpful in determining whether a regenerative anemia is due to extravascular hemolysis or blood loss that occurred 3 days ago?

Plasma protein concentration

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What do you look at on a leukogram

to determine prognosis?

What would indicate the worst prognosis

if you are comparing leukograms between

animals?

Bands>Segs = poor prognosis

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What finding is the most diagnostically useful in dogs with immune mediated haemolytic anemia?

Spherocytosis

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In which species is neonatal isoerythrolysis most common?

Equine

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In which of the following conditions would you be LEAST likely to see an erroneously increased MCHC in a cat?

Failure to fast the patient before bleeding
Tylenol toxicosis
Onion toxicosis
Reticulocytosis following acute blood loss
Mycoplasma haemofelis infection

Reticulocytosis follwing blood loss

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Which type of tube should be used for collection of a blood sample for a complete blood count?

EDTA- Lavender top tube

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Iron injections would be most likely to be required in which species, assuming that the neonates are in an enclosed facility?

Baby pigs!

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Which of the following disorders is LEAST likely to be associated with Heinz body anemia in a cat?

A. Diabetic ketoacidosis

B. Acetaminophen toxicosis

C. Onion toxicosis

D. Garlic toxicosis

E. Ethylene glycol toxicosis

Ethylene glycol toxicosis

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Which of the following is NOT associated with an inherited neutrophil abnormality?

A. Pelger huet anomaly

B. Dohle body

C. Birman cat neutrophil anomaly

D. Alder-Reilly bodies

E.. Chediak-Higashi syndrome

Dohle Bodies (toxic change)

Alder- Reilly bodies are (neutrophil granules) in Mucopolysachharidosis, which is inherited

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Which of the following will NOT result in a prolonged bleeding time?

von Willebrand disease
aspirin ingestion
Warfarin ingestion
DIC
Immune mediated thrombocytopenia

Warfarin (anticoagulant)

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Which of the following tests is likely to be abnormal in a patient with severe immune mediated thrombocytopenia (2,000/µl)?

ACT

Fibrinogen

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time

Prothrombin Time

Thrombin Time

ACT- Activated Clotting Time

ACT [<10,000 prolonged]

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Where is urea synthesized and what is the precursor molecule?

Liver, Ammonia

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What erythrocyte morphologic abnormalities are

associated with

Acetaminophen Toxicosis

Heinz bodies

Ghost cells

Hemoglobinemia

Methemoglobinemia

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What erythrocyte morphologic abnormalities are

associated with

IMHA

Spherocytes (most important)

MCV normal or increased (regeneration)

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What are the Hallmarks of Ehrlichiosis?

Lymphadenopathy

Large Granular Lymphocytes

Petechiation

Splenomegaly

Non-Regenerative Anemia

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What are the components of the buffy coat?

Platelets Nucleated RBCs WBCs

What can account for an erroneously high MCHC?

Lipemia Heinz bodies Intravascular hemolysis

What can cause hypersegmented neutrophils?

Cushing's Disease Oral Prednisone

For **_specificity_**, if (x%) + (y%) = 100%**unaffectedanimals** x% of **unaffected animals** will have a **negative** result and the remaining y% of **unaffected animals** will have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ result

a FALSE POSITIVE result

For **_Sensitivity_**: (x%) + (y%) = 100%**affected**animals (x%) will have a **positive result** and the remaining (y%) will have a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ result

_FALSE NEGATIVE_

What is seen with EDTA (lavender) tube contamination? What has been cross-contaminated?

Increased K+ concentration Decreased Ca²⁺ concentration K+ is ridiculously high, not compatible with life value *Could happen if you fill the Lavender before the Red*

What would happen if there was not enough blood in the EDTA tube?

RBC shrinkage Decreased PCV and MCV

What is the difference between serum and plasma and what tubes should they be collected in?

Plasma- has clotting factors (fibrinogen). Collect it in the EDTA lavender tube Serum- NO clotting factors. Collect it in the RED tube

What tube is used to collect serum or blood for a biochem profile?

RED (no anticoagulant)

What tube is used to collect plasma, and for CBCs?

EDTA- lavender

What tube is used to test for Lead?

Green- Heparin

Which tube is used to test coagulation?

Blue- citrate

Which tube is used to measure glucose and lactate?

Gray- fluoride!

What happens if blood for a CBC is not used within 1 hour?

Increase in MCV- cell swelling

What are the steps, in order, for neutrophil maturation? Which cell is responsible for specific granule formation?

Myeloblast--Progranulocyte--Myelocyte--Metamyelocyte--Band N0--Segmented N0 Myelocyte-specific granule formation: N0, E0, B0

In the inherited neutrophil abnormality, Mucopolysaccharidosis, affected animals have flattened faces and cloudy corneas due to accumulation of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

_Glycosaminoglycans_

What zone of a blood smear can you see agglutination and rouleaux formation?

BODY

Which zone of the blood smear do you look at for morphology, and to do differential cell counts?

MONOLAYER

If you're looking for RBC parasites or neoplastic large cells, what zone of the blood smear will you look at?

Feathered edge

T/F: Calcium is required in every step of primary hemostasis

TRUE!

During which step of primary hemostasis is a bridge formed between platelets and collagen and what does this require?

Adhesion (step 1) Requires vWF (von-Willebrand Factor)

Describe what happens during platelet activation, the 2nd step of primary hemostasis

Shape change- in response to thrombin Flipping of membranes- neg charge on outer membrane Secretion of Granule products- Factors V, VIII, Thromboxane A2, Calcium

The 3rd step of primary hemostasis, Aggregation, is an _________ process due to the fibrinogen binding the platelets

_irreversible!_

Which test is performed if you want to know about the status of platelet production in an animal?

Bone Marrow Aspirate

What tests are performed to determine platelet function?

Bleeding time tests Specific platelet function tests

If you see GREATER THAN 30-35,000 lymphocytes on your CBC, what do you know the disease is?

Lymphoid Leukemia

How is Fibrinogen concentration calculated?

Plasma protein -- Serum protein= [fibrinogen]

What is the platelet count if spontaneous bleeding is occurring?

LESS THAN 20,000 platelets

What is the normal concentration of plasma proteins?

6 - 8 g/dL

How do you figure out the hemoglobin concentration?

Hb concentration = 1/3 of the PCV

Increased neutrophils and monocytes Decreased lymphocytes and eosinophils All tell you the same thing, which is

YOU HAVE A STRESS RESPONSE

An increase in neutrophils and lymphocytes tells you the same thing, which is

EXCITEMENT response

Increased neutrophils and monocytes tell you the same thing, which is

INFLAMMATION is present

How is Iron-deficiency anemia and Anemia of inflammatory disease differentiated?

Look at ferritin or hemosiderin levels If increased, you have increased storage of iron and it is AID!

Which type of anemia is considered "normocytic"?

Anemia of Inflammatory Disease

1/3 of platelet mass is in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

_SPLEEN!_

Where is TPO (thrombopoietin) continually produced? What is its function?

Liver, Bone Marrow, Epithelium *To regulate Megakaryocyte production and differentiation*

What is a megakaryocyte?

A large cell that breaks into individual platelets

What is thrombocytopenia?

A low platelet count in the blood

In thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) TPO (thrombopoietin) should be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

_increased_ Decreased platelet count= increased TPO in blood

In thrombocytopenia (decreased PLT count) What happens to all aspects of the megakaryocytes?

Increased # of megakaryocytes Increased size of megakaryocytes Increased ploidy of megakaryocytes but DECREASED maturation time!!!

In which of the following species would you see the highest platelet count in a normal animal? Dog, Cat, Horse, Cow

COW! Has very high platelet counts normally up to 800,000 is normal in a cow

What granules are contained in plasma cells?

Factors 5, 8 TXA2 Calcium

What does Adhesion require in primary hemostasis?

vWF ADP Calcium Serotonin