Test 1 Genetics Ch. 7 Flashcards
Sexual reproduction uses \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to generate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ gametes, which join at fertilization. A) mitosis; diploid B) meiosis; haploid C) mitosis; identical D) meiosis; diploid E) mitosis; haploid
Answer: B
2) When a diploid cell divides by mitosis, the result is? A) identical diploid cells B) identical haploid cells C) unique haploid cells D) a zygote E) unique diploid cells
Answer: A
3) Modern genetics consists of three major branches. Which of these branches, also known as “transmission genetics," involves the study of the transmission of traits and characteristics in successive generations? A) molecular B) evolutionary C) reproductive D) Mendelian E) population
Answer: D
4) You identify a new unicellular organism with multiple chromosomes organized by proteins withinthe cell's nucleus. Into which of the three domains of life might this organism fit? A) Eukarya B) Archaea C) Bacteria D) Archaea or Bacteria E) Archaea or Eukarya
Answer: A
5) Watson and Crick used evidence from several studies to determine the structure of DNA. What conclusion were they able to draw from Rosalind Franklin’s X- ray diffraction data, specifically?
A) DNA nucleotides form complementary base pairs.
B) The DNA strands are antiparallel, and the strands are held together by hydrogen bonds.
C) DNA consists of four types of nucleotide bases: A, T, C, and G.
D) DNA is a duplex, with two strands forming a double helix.
E) Adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine when they are on opposite DNA strands.
Answer: D
6) What kind of bond is formed between the 5ȝ phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3ȝ hydroxyl (OH) group of the adjacent nucleotide? A) hydrogen bond B) disulfide bond C) hydroxyl bond D) ionic bond E) phosphodiester bond
Answer: E
7) What kind of bond is formed between complementary base pairs to join the two DNA strands into a double helix? A) hydrogen bond B) peptide bond C) ionic bond D) disulfide bond E) phosphodiester bond
Answer: A
8) Identify which of the following includes three possible components of a RNA nucleotide?
A) deoxyribose, uracil, phosphate group
B) deoxyribose, cytosine, phosphate group
C) deoxyribose, guanine, phosphate group
D) ribose, thymine, phosphate group
E) ribose, adenine, phosphate group
Answer: E
9) What chemical group appears on the 5' carbon of a DNA nucleotide? A) carboxyl group B) phosphate group C) nitrogenous base D) hydroxyl group E) amino group
Answer: B
10) If a eukaryotic chromosome was composed of 20% adenine, how much cytosine should theoretically be present in that same chromosome? A) 40% B) 30% C) 60% D) 10% E) 20%
Answer: B
11) What is the sequence and polarity of the DNA strand complementary to the strand 12) 5' AAATGTCCATGC 3'? A) 5' UUUACAGGUACG 3' B) 3' UUUACAGGUACG 5' C) 3' AAATGTCCATGC 5' D) 5' TTTACAGGTACG 3 E) 3' TTTACAGGTACG 5'
Answer: E
12) Messenger RNA (mRNA) is
A) the molecule that carries the genetic information from DNA and is used as a template for protein synthesis
B) the major structural material making up ribosomes
C) the monomer of polypeptides
D) a molecule that incorporates a specific amino acid into the growing protein when it recognizes a specific group of three bases
E) the major structural component of chromosomes
Answer: A
14) What are the DNA regulatory sequences recognized by RNA polymerase called? A) anticodons B) termination sequences C) promoters D) introns E) proteomes
Answer: C
15) What is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA sequences? A) transcription B) replication C) transformation D) transduction E) translation
Answer: E
16) What is the process of synthesizing single- stranded RNA from template DNA? A) transduction B) replication C) transformation D) translation E) transcription
Answer: E
17) What kind of bond is formed between successive amino acids during translation? A) ionic bond B) phosphodiester bond C) peptide bond D) hydrogen bond E) disulfide bond
Answer: C
18) Retroviruses carry their genetic information in the form of RNA, which is subsequently coded into DNA after the virus enters its host cell. What enzyme does the retrovirus use to produce this initial DNA? A) RNA polymerase B) ribosomes C) reverse transcriptase D) DNA polymerase E) reverse translationase
Answer: C
19) Only sixty- one of the sixty- four codons specify an amino acid. In what process do the other three codons function? A) termination of transcription B) initiation of replication C) termination of translation D) initiation of transcription E) initiation of translation
Answer: C
20) The movement of DNA or RNA in gel electrophoresis is often a matter of molecular weight alone. Which of the following molecular parameters usually influence the movement of protein? A) only shape B) only charge C) weight, charge, or shape D) only weight E) only weight and shape
Answer: C
22) Hereditary anemia known as sickle cell disease (SCD) results from inheritance of a variant form of<br></br>Ά- globin protein (ΆS), rather than the wild- type Ά- globin protein (ΆA). Which of the following did Linus Pauling find following gel electrophoresis of hemoglobin protein from individuals with the following three genotypes: ΆΆA, ΆΆS, or ΆΆS?<br></br>
A) all three lanes had just one protein band with the same electrophoretic mobility
B) the lane containing the hemoglobin from the heterozygote (ΆΆS) individual had two protein bands with differing electrophoretic mobility
C) the lane containing the hemoglobin from the homozygous (ΆΆA) individual had two protein bands with differing electrophoretic mobility
D) the lane containing the hemoglobin from the homozygous (ΆΆS) individual with SCD had two protein bands
E) all three lanes had the same two protein bands with the same electrophoretic mobility
Answer: B
23) You have digested a molecule of DNA and want to identify a specific fragment of interest. The DNA is subjected to gel electrophoresis, but you get two bands that are very close in size. What could you use to determine which band is the correct one? A) southern blot B) western blot C) northern blot D) eastern blot E) stain with ethidium bromide
Answer: A
24) Which of the follow refers to all the RNA produced by transcription of DNA? A) population genetics B) proteome C) transcriptome D) translatome E) genome
Answer: C
25) Which evolutionary process describes the movement of members of a species from one population to another? A) natural selection B) migration C) mutation D) random genetic drift E) population genetics
Answer: B
26) Which evolutionary process is most pronounced in small populations where statistical fluctuations in allele frequencies can be significant from one generation to the next? A) natural selection B) migration C) mutation D) random genetic drift E) population genetics
Answer: D
27) Which evolutionary process involves the slow addition of allelic variation that increases the hereditary diversity of populations, ultimately leading to evolutionary change? A) natural selection B) migration C) mutation D) random genetic drift E) population genetics
Answer: C
28) Which evolutionary process relies on the premise that individuals with the best adaptations are most successful at reproducing and leave more offspring than those with less adaptive forms? A) natural selection B) migration C) mutation D) random genetic drift E) population genetics
Answer: A
29) Which term describes a set of organisms that descended from a single common ancestor and are more closely related to other members of the group than to organisms outside the group? A) species B) paraphyletic group C) monophyletic group D) parsimony E) phylogeny
Answer: C
30) Morphological or molecular characters shared by members of a clade are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) common ancestors B) paraphyletic groups C) monophyletic groups D) synaptomorphies E) homoplasmies
Answer: D
31) What are the three domains of life?
Answer: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
32) With the assistance of William Bateson, Archibald Garrod produced the first documented example of a human hereditary disorder that shaped the study of biochemical pathways. Which disorder were they describing?
Answer: alkaptonuria
33) The physical units of heredity composed of defined DNA sequences that collectively control gene transcription and contain the information to produce RNA molecules or proteins are better known as what?
Answer: genes<br></br>34) A complete set of chromosomes is transmitted to produce identical daughter cells in which cell division process?»_space;Answer: mitosis
