Test 1: Immunlogy & Pathology

Question 1

What is susceptibility?

Answer 1

Lack of resistance to a disease; vulnerability.

Question 2

What is immunity?

Answer 2

The ability to ward off disease caused by microbes and protect against environmental agents like pollen, drugs, food, animal hair, and chemicals.

Question 3

What is innate immunity?

Answer 3

Defenses against any pathogen.

Question 4

What is adaptive immunity?

Answer 4

Immunity and resistance to a specific pathogen.

Question 5

What are the characteristics of innate immunity?

Answer 5

Nonspecific immunity, present at birth, always present, rapid response, no specific recognition of microbes, no memory, early warning system.

Question 6

What are the first and second lines of defense in innate immunity?

Answer 6

First line: Skin and mucous membranes. Second line: NK cells, phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial substances.

Question 7

What are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?

Answer 7

Specificity, slower response, memory component, involves lymphocytes (T cells & B cells).

Question 8

What is specificity in adaptive immunity?

Answer 8

The ability to recognize and respond to particular targets.

Question 9

What happens upon second exposure in adaptive immunity?

Answer 9

A larger and more rapid response than the primary exposure.

Question 10

What proteins activate the innate immune system?

Answer 10

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) found in the plasma membrane of defense cells.

Question 11

What do TLRs attach to?

Answer 11

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

Question 12

What do TLRs induce?

Answer 12

Cytokines that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses.

Question 13

What is the function of mucous membranes in immunity?

Answer 13

Trap microbes.

Question 14

What is the ciliary escalator?

Answer 14

Microbes trapped in mucus are transported away from the lungs.

Question 15

What physical factors help with innate immunity?

Answer 15

Lacrimal apparatus (washes eye), saliva (washes microbes off), urine (flows out), vaginal secretions (flow out).

Question 16

What chemical factors contribute to innate immunity?

Answer 16

Fungistatic fatty acids in sebum, low pH of skin (3–5), lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine, low pH of gastric juice (1.2–3.0), low pH of vaginal secretions (3–5).

Question 17

What is the second line of defense in innate immunity?

Answer 17

Leukocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, phagocytes, phagocytosis, inflammation.

Question 18

What is the function of red blood cells?

Answer 18

Transport oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Question 19

What is the function of neutrophils?

Answer 19

Phagocytosis.

Question 20

What is the function of basophils?

Answer 20

Release histamine.

Question 21

What is the function of eosinophils?

Answer 21

Kill parasites.

Question 22

What is the function of monocytes?

Answer 22

Phagocytosis.

Question 23

What is the function of dendritic cells?

Answer 23

Phagocytosis.

Question 24

What is the function of natural killer (NK) cells?

Answer 24

Destroy target cells.

Question 25

What is the function of T cells?

Answer 25

Cell-mediated immunity.

Question 26

What is the function of B cells?

Answer 26

Produce antibodies.

Question 27

What is the function of platelets?

Answer 27

Blood clotting.

Question 28

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 28

The ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell, performed by phagocytes.

Question 29

What does 'phago' mean?

Answer 29

Greek for "eat."

Question 30

What does 'cyte' mean?

Answer 30

Greek for "cell."

Question 31

What are the main phagocytes?

Answer 31

Neutrophils, fixed macrophages, wandering macrophages.

Question 32

What are the key features of inflammation?

Answer 32

Acute-phase proteins activation (complement, cytokines, kinins), vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, redness (flare), swelling (wheal), pain.

Question 33

What is histamine’s role in inflammation?

Answer 33

Causes vasodilation and increases permeability of blood vessels.

Question 34

What is the role of kinins in inflammation?

Answer 34

Causes vasodilation and increases permeability of blood vessels.

Question 35

What is the role of prostaglandins in inflammation?

Answer 35

Intensifies histamine and kinin effects.

Question 36

What is the role of leukotrienes in inflammation?

Answer 36

Increases permeability of blood vessels and aids in phagocytic attachment.

Question 37

What are the key inflammation-related terms?

Answer 37

Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), Immediate Hypersensitivity, Anaphylaxis, Fibrosis, Granulomas, Necrosis, Abscess, Ulcer.

Question 38

What is the complement system?

Answer 38

A defensive system consisting of more than 30 proteins produced by the liver, found circulating in blood serum and tissues.

Question 39

How is the complement system activated?

Answer 39

Through a cascade process.

Question 40

What is the role of the complement system?

Answer 40

Complements the cells of the immune system.

Question 41

Does the complement system adapt?

Answer 41

No, it is part of innate immunity and does not change.

Question 42

How is the complement system activated?

Answer 42

By antigen-antibody reactions or by direct interaction with pathogens.

Question 43

What are the main effects of the complement system?

Answer 43

Microbe destruction by cell lysis, inflammation, and enhanced phagocytosis.

Question 44

What does C3b do in the complement system?

Answer 44

Causes opsonization.

Question 45

What do C3a and C5a do?

Answer 45

Cause inflammation.

Question 46

What do C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9 do?

Answer 46

Cause cell lysis.

Question 47

What are the effects of complement activation?

Answer 47

Opsonization (enhanced phagocytosis), membrane attack complex (cytolysis), and attraction of phagocytes.