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Anthropology > Test 1 - Midterm > Flashcards

Test 1 - Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

suspending our beliefs to learn about others, methodological tool emphasizing that cultural practices need to understand as a part of the larger symbolic system it is a part of

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2
Q

7 characteristics of culture

A
  1. Learned and acquired
  2. Necessary
  3. Adaptive, designed for living
  4. Maladaptive (ie. environmental pollution)
  5. Non-Ultilitarian
  6. Patterned
  7. Symbolic system
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3
Q

Bronislaw Malinowski and fieldwork

A

Malinowski
- father of anthropology as we know it today
(- born in Poland and studied math and physics at the University of Krakow)
Fieldwork
- goal is to grasp the natives view
- requires being “set down” in the field aka: participant observation

  1. long term
  2. immersion
  3. Specific location, specific group
  4. Avoid missionaries and Europeans
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4
Q

Participant observation

A

type of field work that requires being “set down” in the field

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5
Q

“imponderabilia of daily life”

A

According to Malinowski fieldwork…

  • aka Flesh and blood
  • what people do, minute observations of daily life
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6
Q

“Corpus inscriptionum”

A

According to Malinowski fieldwork…

  • aka spirit
  • natives point of view
  • collection of statements, narratives, folklore, magical formulae collected in native language
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7
Q

“Termini technici”

A

According to Malinowski fieldwork…

-verbatim statements to get at the spirit

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8
Q

Ethnography

A
  • end result of Malinowski fieldwork

- empirical and descriptive results of peoples and cultures

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9
Q

Degeneration theory/white man’s burden

A

a belief that civilization might decline and that causes of decline lay in biological change (Biblical cause for variation, entire species became sterile, weaker, smaller)

the white mans alleged duty to care for non-white indigenious subjects in their colonial possesions

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10
Q

Progressivism

A

all societies started out primitive and were progressing toward a more advanced state of being

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11
Q

John Locke

A

progressivism

-progressed based on experience since the human mind is a blank slate

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12
Q

immutability of species vs. Darwin

A

every species was created by God and will not fundamentally change vs. evolution and natural selection as outlines in “on the Origin of Species”

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13
Q

Herbert Spencer and survival of the fittest

A

survival of the fittest was a phrase coined by ____ ( social darwinism) which means that certain groups/people can be described as “less evolved” and are subject to natural selection like plants and animals

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14
Q

Unilineal Evolution

A
  1. savagery
  2. Barbarism
  3. civilization
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15
Q

Lewis Henry Morgan

A

American social theorist who wrote “Ancient Society” and is created with the theory of unilineal evolution

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16
Q

Savagery

A

first stage of unilineal evolution, promiscuous (NW coast US, Apes, Austrialians Aborigines)

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17
Q

Barbrism

A

second stage of unilineal evolution, polygamous (Pueblo, Iroquois, Maya)

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18
Q

Civilization

A

third stage of unilineal evolution, Monogamous (Greeks, Romans, Europeans)

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19
Q

Sir Edward Burnett Tylor

A

founder of cultural anthropology, looked at evolution of religion (animism, polytheism, monotheism)

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20
Q

Animism

A

the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena

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21
Q

Polytheism

A

Belief in many Gods

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22
Q

Shakespear in the bush

A

shakespear story told to bush people, but many terms such as ghost are not understood.
bush people are not wrong for interperating different because culture is based on experience

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23
Q

“Voyages of discovery”

A

15th-18th century, ferdinand Magellan and spice islands, ponce de leon and fountain of youth, columbus and the new world, entounters with natives show human similarities and differences

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24
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A

first European to cross Pacific Ocean, discovered the straight, dies in Philippines from natives.

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25
Q

Spice Island

A

discovered by Magellan during the first circumnavigation of world

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26
Q

Airchair Anrhropology

A

anthropology without field work, cause of unilineal evolution, EB tylor and Lewis Morgan

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27
Q

Ethnology

A

the study of the characteristics of various peoples and the differences and relationships between them. (cultural anthropology)

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28
Q

monotheism

A

Belief in one God

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29
Q

nomothetic

A

(part of unilineal evolution) generalized understanding of a given case based on law (stereotypes)

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30
Q

Cesare Lombroso

A

father of criminology, concept of the criminal type

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31
Q

anthropometrics

A

where skulls were measured to point out a criminal type (Cesare Lombroso)

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32
Q

ideographic

A

full description of a given case in its own context

33
Q

Psychic Unity of Mankind

A

idea that all humans share a basic mental framework but some need to catch up (part of unilineal evolution)

34
Q

“Fist Contact”/Papua New Guinea

A

Leahy’s search for gold and discovered 1 million highland tribes-people. explorers asserted dominance by offering gifts for work and sexual relations. many died trying to fend of white men.

35
Q

Franz Boas

A

father of modern American anthropology; argued for historical particularism, believed all men created equal and each society is different not because of race

36
Q

comparative method

A

an arrangement of social or cultural conditions observed among existing peoples into a series that is then taken to represent a process of evolution

37
Q

historical peticularism

A

The idea, attributed to Franz Boas, that cultures develop in specific ways because of their unique histories.

38
Q

salvage anthropology

A

Anthropology that attempted to save whatever was studied from extinction or destruction

39
Q

Kwakiut/potlatch

A

Native American group that lived on the Northwest coast (studied by boas)

40
Q

anthropology as a natural science

A

(experimental science) fieldwork as laboratory of culture, verifiable results, and defined questions

41
Q

emile durkheim

A
  • Father of sociology
  • Major proponent of functionalism
  • society is like a living organism, mechanical and organic solidarity
42
Q

mechanical solidarity

A

Durkheim’s term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks

43
Q

organic solidarity

A

social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts ( everyone has different roles)

44
Q

functionalism/society like organism

A

all aspects of society serve a function and are necessary for society’s survival

45
Q

Bornislaw malinowski

A
  • trobriand islands study
  • culture is an integrated whole
  • everything people do is part of larger whole
  • culture adoptive organism has 7 basic needs
  • kula ring ceremony shows how functionalism is filled by social and psychological needs of society
46
Q

trobriand islands

A

studied by Malinowski, part of kula ring exchange

47
Q

bio/psych functionalism

A

Malinowski’s version of functionalism, studies cultures to determine how they functioned to meet 7 basic needs

48
Q

social solidarity

A

mechanical solidarity (rural, small, simple) vs. organic solidarity (urban, large, complex, industrialized, modern)

49
Q

kula ring

A

a pattern of exchange among trading partners in the South Pacific Islands

50
Q

radcliffe-brown

A
  • English anthropologist that pioneered the study of social relations as integrated systems. (structural functionalism)
51
Q

structural functionalism

A

a conceptual framework positing that each element of society serves a particular function to keep the entire system in equilibrium (not focused on individual but on institutions)

52
Q

social structure

A

system of human interactions, not individual actions (brown)

53
Q

function

A

how the connection between social structure and social life works, rituals and kinship system all maintain social solidarity

54
Q

process

A

the unit of social activity for analysis, identify regularities (ex. rights of passage) and assume those regularities generated continuity over time, the ____ of how we analyze these activity.

55
Q

dynamic continuity

A

normal aging states that older adults usually maintain the same status // individuals die, but institutions do not, therefore they are important to study

56
Q

synchronic/dischronic

A

one point in time in given society (functionalism disadvantage)/ study through time of given society

57
Q

the nuer and their cattle

A

cattle loving pastoralist society in East Africa; cattle have the highest symbolic, religious, and economic value. Cattle are super important, they are used for all sorts of things.

58
Q

gaar/rites of passage

A

rites of passage (cutting of forehead)

59
Q

“cow love”

A

cattle have the highest symbolic, religious, and economic value

60
Q

pastoralism and types of

A
  • to move with animals to find herds food
  • Nomadic moving with animals to find food
  • transhumance moving in patterns every year based on weather
61
Q

evans pritchard

A

studied Azande (Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic Among the Azande)

  • the Nuer
  • rejects natural science anthropology and see anthropology as a humanistic pursuit
62
Q

culture and personality school

A

studied how patterns of child-rearing, social institutions(education), and cultural ideologies shaped individual experience, personality characteristics, and thought patterns.

63
Q

margaret mead

A
  • founded culture and personality school
  • cultural determinist, nurture not nature shapes people
  • coming of age in Samoa
  • fought for gay/ women rights and legalization
  • studied children to translate how America can use her ideas
64
Q

“taking note”

A

film on Margaret Mead, history of her life and why anthropologists should “take note” of how she practiced

65
Q

how culture limits gender roles

A

culture determines gender roles found through study of three primitive societies. found biological predetermination does not effect gender roles. (males are not aggressive in every culture)

66
Q

culture as natural laboratory

A

Idea by Mead fieldwork as a laboratory of culture

67
Q

nature versus nurture

A

Heredity vs. Environment

68
Q

Samoa

A

where Mead studied girls to disprove Hall and found adolesence doesn’t exist because sexually active younger, working age younger, and low stress

69
Q

adolescence/hall

A

Hall’s theory stating that this is a universal concept and is a time of storm and stress. Period following the onset of puberty, child develops into adult (parents needed to be authoritative)

70
Q

anthropological veto/ native instance

A

one case where universal doesn’t work/one group that does things differently. (The uncovering of one exception to a rule)

71
Q

Arapesh

A

new guinean society studied by mead, both gender roles are gentle, utopian society, both genders do equal work.

72
Q

mundugumour

A

society had both sexes showing what we consider masculine traits (aggressive, cruel).

73
Q

Tchambuli

A

society gender roles are reversed from those in Western societies

74
Q

Ruth benedict

A

social scientist who argued that each culture produced its own type of personality and culture is NOT biologically transmitted

75
Q

patterns of culture (1934)

A

Ruth Benedict’s book- said society exists in dualities

  • quiet/calm
  • party/crazy
76
Q

national character studies japan

A

anthropological studies, chrysanthemum and the sword for japan, japanese are both timid/brave, eager/reserved

77
Q

personality writ larg

A

Personality is applied to entire culture (Japanese are bold and introverted)

78
Q

patrilineal decent

A

a system of tracing descent through the father’s side of the family

79
Q

patrilocal/matrilocal

A

settles in the husbands home or community aka bride will live with grooms parents / settles in the mothers home or community aka groom lives with brides parents

Anthropology (2 decks)

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