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BIO126 > Test 1 multiple choice > Flashcards

Test 1 multiple choice Flashcards

1
Q

Carbon based molecules

A
  • Proteins
  • DNA, RNA
  • Carbohydrtates
  • Lipids
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2
Q

Why can carbon form diverse molecules

A

Forms 4 covalent bonds, bonds easilty to itself, valence of 4, tetrahedryl shape

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3
Q

How is structural and functional relatuonship determined

A

electron configuration

Determines kinds and numbers of bonds an atom will form

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4
Q

Isomers

A

same molecular formula, different sstructure

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5
Q

Types of isomers and explain each

A
  1. Structural: same molecular formula, different structure
  2. Cis-Trans: have the same covalent bonds but differ in spacial arrangement (cis: functional groups on the same side of the plane, trans: functional groups on different sides of the plane)
  3. Enantimers: mirror images
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6
Q

What is the significance of isomers

A

cells can distinguish between isomers. One can be an effective drug while the other can cause problems

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7
Q

What do carbohydrates include

A

sugars and polymers of sugars

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8
Q

What is a polymer

A

long molecule consisting of many similar building blokcs

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9
Q

Monosaccharides

What is it and example

A

classified by location of carbonyl group (aldose, ketose) and number of carbons (3-7)

Glucose: most common monosaccharide, major fuel for cells and building block for molecules

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10
Q

Disaccharides

A

Double sugars. Monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

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11
Q

Gylcosidic linkage

A

covaalent bond created during dehydration synthesis

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12
Q

Polysaccharides

A

polymers of sugar, have storage and structural synthesis roles. Structure determined by sugar monomers and position of glycosidic linkages

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13
Q

Starch

A

polysaccharide consiting entirely of glucose monomers, plants

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14
Q

Glycogen

A

storage polysaccharide in animals

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15
Q

Cellulose

A

polysaccharide in cell walls of plants, made up of glucose molecules

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16
Q

Chitin

A

polysaccharide. exoskeleton components, made of glucose with nitrogen appendage

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17
Q

Lipids polar or nonpolar

A

nonpolar

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18
Q

Types of lipids

A

fats, phospholipids and steroids

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19
Q

Fats- types

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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20
Q

Fatty acids (structure, types, function)

A

carboxyl group attached to long carbon skeleton

Saturated: max number of hydrogen atoms, no double bonds
Unsaturated: one or more double bonds

Function: store energy, adipose tissure storage

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21
Q

Phospholipids

A

components of cell membrane that assembe into bilayers

2 fatty acid tails (phobic) and one phosphate head group (philic)

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22
Q

Steroids

A

ex: cholestrol
4 fused rings
Component of cell membrane

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23
Q

Most important function of proteins

A

enzyme

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24
Q

what do enzymes do

A

act as catalysists, speed up reactions

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25
Polypeptides
polymers built from amino acids, form proteins
26
Amino acid monomers
organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups (acid and base)
27
R groups
side chains attached to the central carbon, determine unique characteristics
28
What are amino acids joined by
peptide bonds (covalent)
29
What are the four levels of protein structure
primary secondary tertiary quarternary
30
Primary structure
amino acid sequence (linear)
31
seondary structure
coils and folds, found in most proteins (alpha helix and beta pleated sheet, stabilized by hydrogen bonds)
32
Teritary structure
interactions of R groups
33
Quarternary structure
Multiple polypeptide interactions (hemoglobin)
34
What causes sickle cell
a change in the primary structure of a protein, one amino acid change in hemoglobin
35
What can cause proteins to unravel, change shape. What does this mean for the protein
altertaions in pH, temperature, salt concentration denatured, biologically inactive
36
Which organic moleculles can form polymers
proteins, carbs, nucleic acid
37
What are nucelic acids made of
monomers of nucleotides
38
Roles of DNA
provide instructions for replication, directs synthsis or mRNA, inherited from other cells
39
Roles of RNA
controls protein synthesis
40
Components of nucleic acid
- nitrogenous base - pentose sugar - phosphate group
41
Pyrimadines
CUT (6 membered ring)
42
Purines
AG (6 membered ring fuses with 5 membered ring)
43
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic
Pro: no membrane bound organelles, smaller, archea and eubacteria Eu: has membrane bound organelles, larger and more complex, protist, fungi, plant, animal, compartmentalized (allows for specialization)
44
What does RNA do for protein synthesis
protein translation
45
Nucleus parts
Nuclear envelope: encloses nucleus Chromosome: DNA organized into desrcete units (always present but coil more at division) Chromatin: uncoiled chromosomes Nucelolus: site of rRNA synthesis Ribosomes: made of rRna and proteins, protein synthesis
46
What is part of the endomembrane system
``` ER Nuclear envelope Golgi Lysosomes Vesicles (vacucoles) ```
47
Lysosome function
digestive enzymes (compartments), phagocytosis of virus, bacteria, worn out organelles etc.
48
Types of vacuoles
Food vacuole Contractile vacuole Central vacuole
49
Food vacuole
formed by pagocytosis
50
Contractile vacuoles
pump excess water out of the cells
51
Central vacuole
stores metabolites and water
52
Cytoskeleton
fibers extending through the cytoplasm
53
Parts of the cytoskeleton
Microtubules Microfilliments Intermediate fillaments
54
Microtubules
Thick Transport mitochondria and vesciles. Help form extensions of cilia and flagella. Formation of mitotic spindle, synthesis of the cell wall (shape)
55
Microfilaments
Thinnest Actin filaments.Help move myosin heads Temporary pseudopod extensions ameobic movement, cytoplasm streaming, mircovillus support
56
Intermediate filaments
diameter in the middle range Built from keratin. Reinforce cell shape and fix organelle location. Made to bear tension (ex: human skin, hair)
57
Extracellular matrix | what it is made of and what it does
cellulose fibers (rigidity), embedded in polysaccharides and protein help things travel across the body, connects cells
58
What is the extracellular matrix in the plant cells
Cell wall (protects cell, shape, prevents excess water)
59
Parts of the ECM in animal cells
- glycoproteins: collegen, proteoglycans, fibronectin (bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins which relay messages from cell to cell) - Junctions
60
Types of junctions in ECM
tight junctions desmosomes gap junctions
61
Tight junctions
membranes of neighboring cells pressed together. Prevents leakage
62
Desmosomes
fasten cells together in strong sheets (intermediate filaments)
63
Gap junctions
Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells. Portals of exchange for small solutes to cross from one cytoplasm to the next (communtication)
64
Gap junctions in plants
plasmodesmta
65
Fluid mosaic
membrane is fluid structure with mosaic of proteins embedded in it
66
Components of the plasma membrane
phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates
67
Amphipathetic molecules
hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
68
Membrane proteins
Peripheral and integral
69
Peripheral proteins
bound to the surface of the membrane
70
Intergral proteins | what are they are functions
integrate through the lipid bilayer - transport - enzymatic activity - signal transduction - cell-cell recognition - intercellular joining - attachmment to cytoskeleton and ECM (shape)
71
Purpose of membrane carbohydrates and location
cel-cell recognition external side of membrane, cells bind to them bond to lipids (glycolipids), and proteins (glycoproteins)

BIO126 (13 decks)

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