Test #1: Muscle Physiology & Muscle Actions of the Lower Extremity Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
What is a by-product of Glucose metabolism?
A
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
2
Q
Where is ATP stored?
A
Skeletal muscle
3
Q
How much and for what purpose is ATP stored in skeletal muscle?
A
Small amounts to initiate contraction.
4
Q
How many seconds does this initial amount of ATP fuel activity?
A
About 6 seconds
5
Q
Once the initial small amount of ATP is depleted, what must occur for muscle contraction to continue?
A
New supplies of ATP must be regenerated
6
Q
What is a secondary source of energy in skeletal muscle after the 6 seconds of ATP is depleted?
A
Creatine Phosphate (CP)
7
Q
How many seconds does Creatine Phosphate fuel activity?
A
About 20 seconds
8
Q
Once the Creatine Phosphate is depleted, what must occur for muscle contraction to continue?
A
More energy must be generated
9
Q
How many pathways for generating energy for skeletal muscle?
A
2 pathways
10
Q
What are 2 pathways for energy to be generated for skeletal muscle?
A
- Aerobic respiration; and 2. Anaerobic respiration
11
Q
Aerobic Respiration
A
a. Requires O2
b. In Mitochondria
c. Is a slow process
d. High yield of ATP (36 molecules)
e. No lactic acid
f. Glucose + O2 > CO2, H20 + 36 ATP
12
Q
Anearobic Respiration
A
a. Does not require O2
b. In Cytosol
c. Is a fast process
d. Low yield of ATP (2 molecules)
e. Lactic acid is a by-product
f. Glucose > Pyruvic Acid + 2 ATP; Pyruvic Acid > Lactic Acid + H+
13
Q
How quickly is lactic acid reused within the body?
A
30-60 minutes after activity
Liver (converts back to glycogen)
Heart or Kidneys (uses as fuel)
Sweat it out
14
Q
During activity, what is the cause of muscle burn?
A
Lactic acid and hydrogen ions (H+) from anaerobic respiration.
15
Q
What is muscle pain the day after an activity?
A
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
16
Q
How long after an activity for DOMS?
A
12-24 hours
17
Q
What is the cause of DOMS?
A
Microtears in connective tissue or muscle tissue.
18
Q
What is muscle fatigue?
A
Occurs when a muscle is no longer able to contract even though it’s stimulated to do so.
19
Q
How many causes for muscle fatigue?
A
3 causes
20
Q
What are the 3 causes for muscle fatigue?
A
- Lack of oxygen; 2. Change in Ph; and 3. Electrolyte Imbalance
21
Q
Muscle Fatigue: Lack of O2
A
A lack of O2 forces the use of anaerobic pathway which builds lactic acid.
22
Q
Muscle Fatigue: Change in Ph
A
Lactic acid gives off Hydrogen ions (H+); this greatly lowers Ph which irritates muscle physiology.
23
Q
Muscle Fatigue: Electrolyte Imbalance
A
Sodium (Na), Potassium (K) and Calcium (Ca) need to be in proper balance or muscles cannot contract.
24
Q
Muscle Contraction: All or none principal
A
When a skeletal muscle cell is stimulated to contract it contracts fully or not at all.
25
Muscle Contraction: Motor unit recruitment (grades of contraction)
The more work a skeletal muscle does the more motor units. If a skeletal muscle does less work it will have fewer motor units. Range is 4-700; average is 150 per muscle.
26
Muscle ContractIon: How many types?
2 types
27
What are the 2 types of muscle contraction?
1. Isotonic; and 2. Isometric
28
Muscle Contraction: Isotonic
A contraction where there is a visible change in the length of muscle.
29
How many types of Isotonic muscle contraction?
2 types
30
What are the 2 types of isotonic muscle contraction?
1. Concentric; and 2. Eccentric
31
Isotonic Muscle Contraction: Concentric
The muscle shortens as it works.
32
Isotonic Muscle Contraction: Eccentric
The muscle lengthens as it works.
33
What type of isotonic muscle contraction creates the most injury?
Eccentric
34
Muscle Contraction: Isometric
A contraction of a muscle where no visible change in length occurs.
35
What is an example of an isometric muscle contraction?
Pushing against a wall
36
How many different muscle tones are there?
7 muscle tones
37
What are the 7 muscle tones?
1. Normal tone; 2. Hypotonia; 3. Flaccid; 4. Hypertonia; 5. Spasticity; 6. Atrophy; and 7. Hypertrophy
38
Muscle Tone: Normal tone
A skeletel muscle which displays a healthy resistance to active or passive stretch at rest.
39
Muscle Tone: Hypotonia
A decrease in muscle tone due to inactivity or pathology.
40
Muscle Tone: Flaccid
An extreme case of hypotonia. The muscle has become "flabby".
41
Muscle Tone: Hypertonia
An increase in muscle tone to rigidity. Unhealthy! Blood flow slowly causing ischemia (a lack of O2 in the tissue due to a decrease in blood supply).
42
Muscle Tone: Spasticity
Muscle contracts involuntarily due to a nervous system problem. Massage Therapy is indicated!
43
Muscle Tone: Atrophy
A "wasting away" of muscle. Muscle shrinking in size.
44
Muscle Tone: Hypertrophy
An increase in muscle size due to exercise (body builders).
45
How many types of mechanical levers?
3 types
46
What are the 3 types of mechanical levers?
1. First Class Lever; 2. Second Class Lever; and 3. Third Class Lever.
47
1st class lever
The joint lies between the muscle and the load. This is the most efficient class of lever.
i.e. Tilting head via atlas and occipital bones.
48
2nd class lever
The load lies between the joint and the pulling muscle.
i.e. The only example in the human body is the "toe raise"
49
3rd class lever
The muscle lies between the joint and the load. This is the most common class of lever (but not the most efficient).
i.e. Bicep curl
50
How many benefits of massage therapy on the muscles?
5 benefits
51
What are the 5 benefits of massage therapy on muscles?
1. Improved range of motion; 2. Improved general tissue flexibility and muscle relaxation; 3. Reduction of muscle cramps and spasms; 4. Relief of myofascial trigger points and neuromuscular tender points; and 5. Reduction of adhesions and enhanced collagen remodeling during healing cycle
52
Agonist
Is the muscle doing the action; the prime mover.
53
Antagonist
Is the muscle doing the opposite action; or yielding to the agonist
54
Synergist
Is any muscle which is considered a "helper" to the agonist by performing the same action
55
Stabilizer or Fixator
Is a muscle which acts to stabilize the origin of the agonist.
56
How many joints in the lower extremity?
3 + 1 = 4 joints
57
What are the 4 joints of the lower extremity?
1. Hip; 2. Knee; and 3. Ankle + 4. Waist
58
How many movements possible at the waist joint?
1 movement
59
What is the 1 movement at the waist joint?
1. Flexion
60
What body part is moved at the waist joint?
The trunk or torso
61
How many muscles create flexion of the trunk at the waist?
1 muscle
62
What muscle creates flexion of the trunk at the waist?
1. Psoas Major
63
Psoas Major*
GL: Abdominal/Pelvic Cavity, Deep
O: Bodies, discs and transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae
I: Lesser trochanter of the Femur
64
How many actions does Psoas Major (or Iliopsoas) perform?
3 actions
65
What 3 actions do Psoas Major (or Iliopsoas) perform?
1. Flexion of the trunk at the waist
| 2-3. Flexion and lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip
66
How many movements possible at the hip joint?
6 movements
67
What are the 6 movements at the waist joint?
1. Flexion; 2. Extension; 3. ABduction; 4. ADduction; 5. Medial Rotation; and 6. Lateral Rotation
68
What body part is moved at the hip joint?
The thigh
69
How many muscles create flexion of the thigh at the hip?
4 muscles
70
What 4 muscles create flexion of the thigh at the hip?
1. Iliopsoas; 2. Rectus Femoris; 3. Sartorius; and 4. TFL
71
Rectus Femoris*
GL: Anterior, Thigh, Superficial
O: AIIS of the Ilium
I: Patella and tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament
72
How many actions does Rectus Femoris perform?
2 actions
73
What 2 actions does Rectus Femoris perform?
1. Flexion of the thigh at the hip
| 2. Extension of the leg at the knee
74
Sartorius*
GL: Anterior/medial, Thigh, Superficial
O: ASIS of the Ilium
I: Medial condyle of the Tibia (part of Pes Anserinus)
75
How many actions does Sartorius perform?
4 actions
76
What 4 actions does Sartorius perform?
1-3: Flexion, aBduction, and lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip
4. Flexion of the leg at the knee
77
Tensor Fascia Latae (TFL)*
GL: Anterior/Lateral, Hip, Superficial
O: ASIS and Iliac crest of the Ilium
I: Lateral condyle of the Tibia via the Iliotibial band
NOTE: Doesn't insert on greater trochanter.
78
How many actions does TFL perform?
3 actions
79
What 3 actions does TFL perform?
1-3. Flexion, aBduction, and medial rotation of the thigh at the hip
80
How many muscles create extension of the thigh at the hip?
4 muscles
81
What 4 muscles create extension of the thigh at the hip?
1. Gluteus Maximus; and the Hamstrings (2. Semimembranonsus; 3. Semitendinosus; and 4. Biceps Femoris)
82
Gluteus Maximus*
GL: Posterior, Buttocks, Superficial
O: Ilium, Iliac crest, (PSIS), Sacrum & Coccyx
I: Iliotibial Band to Lateral condyle of the Tibia and Gluteal tuberosity of the Femur
83
How many actions does Glute Max perform?
2 actions
84
What 2 actions does Glute Max perform?
1-2. Forceful extension and lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip
85
Semimembranosus*
GL: Posterior, Thigh, Deep
O: Ischial tuberosity of the Ischium
I: Posterior aspect of the Medial condyle of the Tibia
86
How many actions does Semimembranosus perform?
2 actions
87
What 2 actions does Semimembranosus perform?
1. Extension of the thigh at the hip
| 2. Flexion of the leg at the knee
88
Semitendinosus*
GL: Posterior, Thigh, Superficial
O: Ischial tuberosity of the Ischium
I: Medial condyle of the Tibia (part of Pes Anserinus)
89
How many actions does Semitendinosus perform?
2 actions
90
What 2 actions does Semitendinosus perform?
1. Extension of the thigh at the hip
| 2. Flexion of the leg at the knee
91
Biceps Femoris*
GL: Posterior, Thigh, Superficial
O: 1) Long Head: Ischial tuberosity of the Ischium; 2) Short Head: Linea Aspera of the Femur
I: Head of the Fibula
92
How many actions does Biceps Femoris perform?
2 actions
93
What 2 actions does Biceps Femoris perform?
1. Extension of the thigh at the hip
| 2. Flexion of the leg at the knee
94
How many actions do the Hamstrings perform?
2 actions
95
What 2 actions do the hamstrings perform?
1. Extension of the thigh at the hip
| 2. Flexion of the leg at the knee
96
How many muscles create aBduction of the thigh at the hip?
4 muscles
97
What 4 muscles create aBduction of the thigh at the hip?
1. Gluteus Medius; 2. Gluteus Minimus; 3. TFL; and 4. Sartorius
98
Gluteus Medius*
GL: Posterior/Lateral, Buttocks, Superficial
O: Exterior surface of the Ilium (between iliac crest and superior gluteal lines)
I: Greater trochanter of the Femur (posterior border)
99
How many actions does Glute Med perform?
2 actions
100
What 2 actions does Glute Med perform?
1-2. ABduction and medial rotation of the thigh at the hip
101
Gluteus Minimus*
GL: Posterior, Buttocks, Deep
O: Exterior surface of the Ilium (between superior and inferior Gluteal lines)
I: Greater trochanter of the Femur (anterior border)
102
How many actions does Glute Min perform?
2 actions
103
What 2 actions does Glute Min perform?
1-2. ABduction and medial rotation of the thigh at the hip
104
How many muscles create aDduction of the thigh at the hip?
4 muscles
105
What 4 muscles create aDduction of the thigh at the hip?
The Adductor Group (1. Adductor Magnus; 2. Adductor Longus; 3. Adductor Brevis); and 4. Gracilis
106
How many actions do the Adductor Group perform?
1 action
107
What is the action that the Adductor Group performs?
1. ADduction of the thigh at the hip
108
Gracilis*
GL: Medial, Thigh, Superficial
O: Inferior Ramus of the Pubis
I: Medial condyle of the Tibia (part of Pes Anserinus)
109
How many actions does Gracilis perform?
2 actions
110
What are the 2 actions that Gracilis performs?
1. ADduction of the thigh at the hip
| 2. Flexion of the leg at the knee
111
How many muscles create medial rotation of the thigh at the hip?
3 muscles
112
What 3 muscles create medial rotation of the thigh at the hip?
1. Gluteus Medius; 2. Gluteus Minimus; and 3. TFL
113
How many muscles create lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip?
4 muscles
114
What 4 muscles create lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip?
1. Gluteus Maximus; 2. Piriformis; 3. Sartorius; and 4. Iliopsoas
115
Piriformis*
GL: Posterior, Buttocks, Deep
O: Anterior surface of the Sacrum
I: Greater trochanter of the Femur
116
How many actions does Piriformis perform?
1 action
117
What is the action that Piriformis performs?
Lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip
118
How many movements possible at the knee joint?
2 movements
119
What 2 movements are possible at the knee joint?
1. Flexion; and 2. Extension
120
What body part is moved at the knee joint?
The leg
121
How many muscles create flexion of the leg at the knee?
6 muscles
122
What 6 muscles create flexion of the leg at the knee?
The Hamstrings (1. Semimembranosus; 2. Semitendinosus; 3. Biceps Femoris); 4. Sartorius; 5. Gracilis; and 6. Gastrocnemius
123
Gastrocnemius*
GL: Posterior, Leg, Superficial
O: 1) Lateral head: Lateral condyle of the Femur; 2) Medial head: Medial condyle of the Femur
I: Calcaneus via the Calcaneal tendon
124
How many actions does Gastrocs perform?
2 actions
125
What 2 actions does Gastrocs perform?
1. Flexion of the leg at the knee
| 2. Plantarflexion of the foot at the ankle
126
How many muscles create extension of the leg at the knee?
4 muscles
127
What 4 muscles create extension of the leg at the knee?
The Quadriceps (1. Rectus Femoris; 2. Vastus Lateralis; 3. Vastus Medialis; and 4. Vastus Intermedius)
128
Vastus Lateralis*
GL: Anterior/lateral, Thigh, Superficial
O: Greater trochanter and Linea Aspera of the Femur
I: Patella and Tibial tuberosity via the Patella ligament
129
How many actions does Vastus Lateralis perform?
1 action
130
What action does Vastus Lateralis perform?
Extension of the leg at the knee
131
Vastus Medialis*
GL: Anterior/medial, Thigh, Superficial
O: Linea Aspera of the Femur
I: Patella and Tibial tuberosity via the Patella ligament
132
How many actions does Vastus Medialis perform?
1 action
133
What action does Vastus Medialis perform?
Extension of the leg at the knee
134
Vastus Intermedius*
GL: Anterior, Thigh, Deep
O: Anterior and lateral surfaces of the shaft of the Femur
I: Patella and Tibial tuberosity via the Patella ligament
135
How many actions does Vastus Intermedius perform?
1 action
136
What action does Vastus Intermedius perform?
Extension of the leg at the knee
137
How many movements possible at the ankle joint?
4 movements
138
What 4 movements are possible at the ankle joint?
1. Dorsiflexion; 2. Plantarflexion; 3. Inversion; and 4. Eversion
139
What body part is moved at the ankle joint?
The foot
140
How many muscles create dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle?
1 muscle
141
What muscle creates dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle?
1. Tibialis Anterior
142
Tibialis Anterior*
GL: Anterior, Leg, Superficial
O: Lateral condyle and proximal 1/2 of the Tibia
I: Medial Cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal
143
How many actions does Tibialis Anterior perform?
2 actions
144
What 2 actions does Tibialis Anterior perform?
1-2. Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot at the ankle
145
How many muscles create plantarflexion of the foot at the ankle?
4 muscles
146
What 4 muscles create plantarflexion of the foot at the ankle?
1. Gastrocnemius; 2. Soleus; 3. Fibularis Longus; and 4. Fibularis Brevis
147
Soleus*
GL: Posterior, Leg, Intermediate
O: Head of the Fibula, Fibula, Soleal line and posterior surface of the Tibia
I: Calcaneus via the Calcaneal tendon
148
How many actions does Soleus perform?
1 action
149
What action does Soleus perform?
1. Plantarflexion of the foot at the ankle
150
Fibularis Longus*
GL: Lateral, Leg, Superficial
O: Head and proximal 2/3 of the Fibula
I: Base of the 1st metatarsal and Medial cuneiform
151
How many actions does Fibularis Longus perform?
2 actions
152
What 2 actions does Fibularis Longus perform?
1-2. Plantarflexion and eversion of the foot at the ankle
153
Fibularis Brevis*
GL: Lateral, Leg, Deep
O: Distal 2/3 of the Fibula
I: Base of the 5th metatarsal
154
How many actions does Fibularis Brevis perform?
2 actions
155
What 2 actions does Fibularis Brevis perform?
1-2. Plantarflexion and eversion of the foot at the ankle
156
How many muscles create inversion of the foot at the ankle?
1 muscle
157
What muscle creates inversion of the foot at the ankle?
1. Tibialis Anterior
158
How many muscles create eversion of the foot at the ankle?
2 muscles
159
What 2 muscles create eversion of the foot at the ankle?
1. Fibularis Longus; and 2. Fibularis Brevis
