Test 1 (My Study Guide) Flashcards

Question

Occipital Lobe

Answer 1

-Part of occipital lobe

Answer 2

- Speech comprehension | - When speak, fluidity is fine, but it doesn’t make sense

Answer 3

- Language - Hearing - Visual pattern - Recognition - Long-term memory

Answer 4

- Connectionist models (parallel distributed processing PDP models) refer to a computer-based technique for modeling complex systems that is inspired by the structure of the nervous system - Fundamental principle is that simple nodes or units that make up the system are interconnected

Answer 5

- fMRI | - ERP

Answer 6

- Functional magnetic residence imaging - Getting images of brain function through blood flow - When brain is active, it recruits oxygenated blood (tells you where brain is active) - Cannot get causal explanation, only correlation - Benefit: good at spatial localization (where things are happening) - Limitations: - temporal (bad at timing) - blood shows up 2 seconds after - correlational (feedback loop) - involved regions - shows only what is involved in a task, not what is critical for it (ex: hippocampus critical for memory, but when fMRI, you’ll see frontal lobe and parietal lobe and hippocampus have blood flow, but parietal and frontal lobe are NOT critical)

Answer 7

- Event-related potential - Takes electrical output activity - Quick with timing - Looks at electrical signals - Benefit: good at time - Limitations: - coarse spatial localization (bad at showing exactly where) - involved regions (can only tell us what’s involved, not what’s critical)

Answer 8

- Causes: (damage to the brain; all death) - stroke (blood and/or oxygen loss) - disease (ex: alzheimer's) - surgery (ex: H.M. guy who had hippocampus taken out) - TBI (traumatic brain injury - concussion) - Heart attacks - Limitations: - widespread damage - can only use data in very specific areas (ex: like with stroke - sometimes concussion) - small numbers of subjects - so not able to generalize very well; have to do same study over and over to generalize - plasticity - brain tries to recognize to make up for damage - indicates necessary areas (is not a limitation) - indicates what part of brain is critical

Answer 9

-Incoming stimuli are ambiguous -- we’re not getting perfect stimulus - Perception is problem solving -- a lot of cognitive processing happening; massively parallel; brain takes apart info before putting it back together - Parallel processing -Your perceptual experience is a cognitive construct -- my perceptual experience doesn’t have to match what’s actually out there in the world (ex: illusions)

Answer 10

- Reception of stimulation from the environment and encoding in nervous system - Contact between organism and environment - Ex: How much light is needed before you detect it? - Retina: rods and cones, fovea

Answer 11

- Interpreting and understanding sensory information; organizing and interpreting sensation - Discontinuous information, but continuous sensory experience - Ex: What is it? How far away is it?

Answer 12

- Distal Stimulus: thing out there in the world | - Proximal Stimulus: pattern of energy that is contacting our sensory system; upside down; 2-D

Answer 13

-Big gap at back of retina

Answer 14

- Distal Stimulus: thing out there in the world - Informational Medium: for vision = light waves; medium by which we get information - Proximal Stimulus: pattern of energy that is contacting our sensory system; upside down; 2-D - Perceptual Object: your perceptual experience (what you see) - There’s no one-to-one correspondence between physical reality and visual perception - This just gets 2-dimensional information - Can be learned and unlearned

Answer 15

- Used for dim light (ex: in dark rooms, relying on rods) - Poor acuity (why it’s hard to see in the dark) - Don’t have color - *Seeing and reacting to info

Answer 16

- Color - Light - Good acuity - *Seeing and reacting to info

Answer 17

-Compression: idea that you have information loss as you go through the eye’s system - We don’t experience blindspot because our eyes are constantly moving - Blindspot: big gap at back of retina

Answer 18

- Quick movement from one fixation to another - Variable in speed (250175 ms) - About 200 ms to “plan” a saccade - Vision is suppressed during saccades - 3-4 fixation-saccade cycles a second - Input to our visual system is not continuous (but that’s how we experience it) - Saccades → Change blindess (vs. inattention blindess)

Answer 19

- A failure to notice changes in the visual stimuli because of a disruption of the image (e.g., saccade) - Ex: of plane picture

Answer 20

- Change blindness is due to disruption of the image and inattention blindness is due to focus on something else - *IMPORTANT

Answer 21

- Saccades (vision suppressed) and fixations - Blind spot - Proximal (inverted; 2-D) vs. distal stimulus - Our experience of continuity depends on a very short term memory store

Answer 22

-Understand what you’re seeing, not seeing reality perfectly

Answer 23

- A buffer that holds visual information for brief periods of time - Allows visual system to integrate information into a continuous experience - It’s a memory system, but it’s dedicated to perception - Properties: - Size: large capacity - Duration: very brief (about one second)

Answer 24

- Whole: Ex: Exam is to write down everything we’ve learned | - Partial: Ex: answer certain questions

Answer 25

-Example of moving picture of horse

Answer 26

-We get 2-D information, not three - Two kinds of depth cues: - Binocular: - Monocular:

Answer 27

- Info from both eyes - Binocular disparity: slightly different images from the two eyes - Ex: 3-D movies - Convergence (crossing eyes; is a depth cue)

Answer 28

- Info from one eye - Interposition (overlap) - Linear perspective (sense of convergence gives us perception of depth) - Texture gradients - Relative size (reason something farther away looks smaller) - Elevation (closer to the horizon = looks further to us)

Answer 29

-The assignment of meaning to a stimulus (an instance of X)

Answer 30

- Heuristics by which we organize parts (of an image) into wholes (a whole image) - Heuristic is cognitive shortcut - They help us resolve ambiguities (in the image) - Inferences -- a lot of own view is made up of inferences - 1. Figure ground relations (idea that in image something is selected as foreground, and other thing will be background; ex. Of vase vs. faces) - 2. Similarity (we group things based off of similarity) - 3. Proximity (we group things based off of how far apart they are from each other) - 4. Closure (we’re able to close gap in mind) - 5. Good continuation (we like to see things as nice, smooth lines) - 6. Common fate (things that move together tend to stay together)

Answer 31

- Stored models of all categorizable patterns - Did not work! - Problem with templates: Non-canonical (not typical) views and forms - Ex: multiple different fonts - Ex: different forms of cows, but we know they’re all cows

Answer 32

-RIGHT MODEL - Feature: a simple fragment of a whole pattern - Starting from individual features and build up from this - Pandemonium: a feature detection model - 1. Data or image “demons” - encode pattern; get data into system - 2. Computational demons - match the simple features - 3. Cognitive demons - match whole letter patterns; put those features together - 4. Decision demon - decides which letter it is - Bottom-up processing model (data driven model)

Answer 33

- Bottom-up: - Data-driven processing - Processing that is driven by feature detection - Ex: Putting a puzzle together without knowing what the picture is (Pandemonium and geon models) - Top-down: - Processing that’s driven by knowledge and context - Ex: Putting a puzzle together knowing what the picture is - Helps solve perception problems - Helps us interpret ambiguous stimuli - Knowledge and context (this is what helps us here) - Influence of whole pattern on the perception of the part of the pattern - Think of word superiority effect (letters better identified in the context of known words; harder to identify because you no longer have your knowledge to help you) - Ex: of hearing green needle vs. hearing brain stem

Answer 34

- Recognition by Components (geons) - Think about images of mug and suitcase - Only difference between feature and objects is objects are 3-D

Answer 35

- Assume the first step is feature/geon detection - Problem: knowledge and context may matter as much or more than features - Ex: someone changes their hair, you don’t always recognize them - Your knowledge influences what you perceive - What you know and your context matters (relates to top-down processing)

Answer 36

- top down processing (or conceptually driven processing) is when existing context or knowledge influences earlier or simpler forms of mental processes - the assignment of meaning to a stimulus 9an instance of x)

Answer 37

- Definition: deficit to perceive visual images -- not eye problem; it’s a brain problem; inability to perceive something; visual impairments that aren’t blindness - 1. Prosopagnosia: face recognition deficit; face blindness; can’t really perceive face - 2. Apperceptive agnosia: deficit in perceiving whole patterns (feature combination) - Like bottom half of Pandemonium Model - 3. Associative agnosia: deficit in associating a pattern with meaning - Can see pattern, but can’t put it together with its meaning - Ex: See a table, but can’t recognize and name it that Agnosias indicate: -Sensation and feature detection: different processes and brain regions - Combining features is critical - Getting features alone doesn’t get you far - Naming the object: different processes and brain regions - Associative agnosia: can see pattern, just can’t recognize

Answer 38

- Think of Ben Underwood and Daniel Kish (both use echolocation) - Occipital lobe (visual) lights up when using echolocation

Answer 39

-Visual search in medicine -Orientation -Scanning → Recognition → result in practice effects (ex: doctors gain by experience) -But doesn’t work for airport security because? Background changes, objects change, orientation changes. For doctor, basic image won’t change

Answer 40

- Does practice improve search (scanning the image) and/or recognition? - Do any effects of practice transfer to new stimuli?

Answer 41

- IVs: - target present (20%) or absent (Why? More realistic. Very rare to find threat in many bags) - Knife set - DVs: - target recognition (sensitivity), given fixation (how often do they fixate and recognize the target) - RT (how quick when knife is in there) - Saccades (how many moves did eyes make before finding it) - Probability of fixation - False alarms - Dwells -Participants: 16 young adults (mean age = 21; 12 female)

Answer 42

Comparisons: - Session 1 vs. Session 4 = looks at practice effects (Faster? Recognize more? - Session 4 vs. Session 5 = does the practice transfer to new targets? - Session 1 vs. Session 5 = does experience in the task help at all? (Does experience help at all?)

Answer 43

- Practice effects (recognition got better) - Increase in target recognition - Decrease in RT - Fewer saccades before detection (more efficient -- moving eyes less frequent) - NO CHANGE in the probability of fixating the target (not fixating more often)

Answer 44

- Does practice transfer to new targets? - Decrease in target recognition (introducing new knives made them a little bit worse) - Increase in RT (people slowed down with new materials) - More saccades before detection (eyes are moving a bit more) - NO CHANGE in the probability of fixating the target (no change in the way they’re scanning, so they’re not fixating more)

Answer 45

- Does experience matter at all? Yes (for 3 of 4 measures) - Increase in target recognition - Decrease in RT - Fewer saccades before detection - (but) NO CHANGE in the probability of fixating the target

Answer 46

- Sensitivity got better (professor says “recognition” instead of “sensitivity”) - Faster to fixate and recognize - Efficiency vs. Effectiveness? - Scanning was faster (efficiency) - No more likely to fixate the target (effectiveness); probability of fixating on new target

Answer 47

- Practice improved the ability to recognize camouflaged targets - Problem solving - Recommendations to TSA? - Focus on ability to recognize (if going to fixate more often, then at least improve recognizing it when they do) - Train on a wide array of objects

Answer 48

- Attention is very well-studied, but hard to define - Define in terms of types and purposes - ”Everyone knows what attention is.” -- William James (1890) - ”No one knows what attention is.” -- Harold Pashler (1998)

Answer 49

- 1. To alert/prepare you → orienting - 2. To focus on some things while ignoring others → selective attention - 3. To coordinate multiple tasks or goals → mental resource/capacity - 4. To override habits → control and automaticity

Answer 50

- Orienting reflex - Reflexive redirection and capture of attention - Triggered by abrupt changes - Ex: lightning, thunder, books falling

Answer 51

-Selection of one source of info despite competition from others - (arrow pointing down to this) How do we do that? - What happens to the info we ignore? - (arrow pointing down to this) Dichotic listening research - Filter theories of selective attention

Answer 52

- Headphones → different messages in each ear - Attended channel: info they should be listening to - Unattended channel: ignore - Shadowing: repeating what they hear in the attended ear - Physical characteristics: - spatial location (ex: pretend to be listening to one, but actually listen to other) - frequency (male vs. female voice) - intensity (ex: volume (auditory); brightness (vision) - *these allow people to focus on attended channel

Answer 53

- Can’t say whether it’s speech or noise - Can’t necessarily tell which language - Morray (1959): Same word 35 times - ”You can stop shadowing now” - Attention is limited; when info exceeds that limit, we filter some out

Answer 54

-Early filter (Broadbent’s model) Late filter (Triesman’s model)

Answer 55

- Fundamental Points: - selection is based on physical characteristics - selection occurs BEFORE pattern recognition, before anything is recognized - sensory store → selective filter (people choose something to focus on based on physical characteristics; ex: male and female voice) → pattern recognition meaning → ← memory - Pattern recognition and memory influence each other

Answer 56

- Morray (1959): Cocktail Party Phenomenon - Capture of attention by info that’s presented in unattended channel - Shouldn’t be able to hear name across room because you’re paying attention to person in front of you (problem with this model) - Shadowing breaks down - Triesman (1960) - priming you for one thing, but supposed to hear another

Answer 57

- Fundamental Points: - selection for attention is based on meaning - All info is processes for meaning and “gets into” memory (to some degree) - attention is limited in terms of HOW to respond -Sensory store → pattern recognition meaning → selective filter → response selection

Answer 58

- Shock associated words in unattended channel | - Glycemic skin response - anytime shocked, this response increases

Answer 59

- Early selection → before pattern recognition - Late selection → after pattern recognition - Both of these are possible

Answer 60

- Suppression of salient but irrelevant information that reduces its activation level - Negative priming is one way to test idea of inhibition - Naming red object: - Unrelated: baseline RT - Attended repeat: faster (faster because you just said/saw it) - Unattended repeat: slower (slower because you have to name what you just suppressed)

Answer 61

- Failure of attention to left visual field due to damage to right parietal lobe - Attention to left visual field is sometimes possible if nothing is in the right visual field - Sometimes associated with denial of disorder (anosognosia) - There can be varying degrees of hemineglect

Answer 62

- Attention as mental resource (cognitive fuel) - Limited - Flexible coordination - (arrow pointing down to this) Coordinate multiple tasks or goals

Answer 63

-Takes overall arousal level into account - You have this mental resource available and have to decide how to use it - use long and short-term goals -A lot going on, but have to decide what to do (how going to divide attention, if at all)

Answer 64

- Easier to combine tasks in different modalities → some small devoted fuel tanks - Increasing difficulty to one makes others harder → general fuel tank

Answer 65

- Occurs without intention - Not open to introspection - Few (if any) resources are used and does not interfere with other processes - Tend to be fast - Stroop Task

Answer 66

- Related to automaticity - Slow-downs and errors due to trying to ignore the word and name the color - Difficult because reading is an automatic process - 2 things competing to become the response

Answer 67

- Action slips: unintended automatic actions in appropriate for the situation - Ex: you’re a passenger, and press brakes even though not driving

Answer 68

- Occurs with intention - Open to introspection - Takes attentional resources - Slower - Ex: surgery - Few “pure” situations; most a combination - Act in concert → good performance (get home fast to study! Drive on “autopilot” while thinking of everything you have to do) - Act in opposition → slow and error prone performance (ex: must go to store before going home)

Answer 69

- IV: texting or not - DV: test performance - Grouping variables (quasi-IVs): high or low IQ

Answer 70

-True experiments

Answer 71

-How like the real world the experiment is

Answer 72

-Can be objectively measured, mental processes exist, animals are active information processes

Answer 73

-Real world applicability

Answer 74

-What changed was the belief that only one step of information processing could occur at a time. Now, we know more than one step can be happening at a time. They can overlap.

Answer 75

-Modal model

Answer 76

- fMRI: time lage (about two seconds) - ERP: doesn’t do space well - Lesion: widespread damage and elasticity

Answer 77

- Dendrite receives | - Axons/axon terminals output

Answer 78

-Long term potentiation

Answer 79

-Hippocampus

Answer 80

Change: your vision is disrupted -Inattention: paying attention to something else

Answer 81

- Blindspot | - Saccades

Answer 82

- Binocular: conversions | - Monocular: texture gradients; elevation

Answer 83

-Holds info short time; brief but big

Answer 84

- Like a buffer | - Holds incoming info and stitches together info

Answer 85

-Because when do whole report, memory is decaying as you’re reporting

Answer 86

-Sensory register that’s for auditory, rather than imagery (visual?)

Answer 87

- Pattern recognition: 2-Dimensional | - Object recognition: 3-Dimensional

Answer 88

- Heuristics | - get little bits of info, use heuristics to put it together

Answer 89

-Doesn’t account for infinite way to write letter A

Answer 90

-Doesn’t account for content and prior knowledge (top-down processing)

Answer 91

Apperceptive agnosia

Answer 92

-Pandemonium; parallel processing

Answer 93

- language disorder | - sound normal, but what they’re saying doesn’t make sense

Answer 94

- Fewer saccades - RT improved - Recognition (sensitivity) improved

Answer 95

-Orienting attention

Answer 96

-Two different things being said in each ear, and you repeat what they say

Answer 97

-Ability to pay attention to one source of info despite surroundings

Answer 98

- Early: No, because filter comes after pattern recognition | - Late: Yes, because filter comes after pattern recognition

Answer 99

- Inattentional blindness | - Ex: of gorilla dancing

Answer 100

- Part of modal model - At the input end, environmental stimuli enter system, with each sense modality having its own sensory register or memory

Answer 101

Inattention blindness: focus on phones, not noticing environment -To investigate what cell phones do to driving

Answer 102

- IV: - silence - talking - DV: - eye tracking - recognition test - Regular recognition measure = what they recognize ÷ all “old” things - Conditional recognition = what they recognize ÷ things they specifically looked at - Data: - Less likely to recognize road signs when on the phones - Looking time didn’t matter (time didn’t matter; only mattered whether looking at phone or not) - Conclusion: - supports inattention blindness explanation - disengaged from environment (don’t notice what’s going on around you)

Answer 103

-Criticism of E1: importance of objects - Changes: - 2AFC (2 attentive force choices) - Relevance rating (how relevant they think it is to safety) - Data: - replicate (replicated experiment 1) - no correlation to relevance - Conclusion: - no special allocation policy - attention is generally divided

Answer 104

- Criticism of E1 and E2: - When do the deficit occur? Memory of perception? (making assumption that testing attention, but may be testing memory instead) - Changes (DVs) - Car following task - P300 component (ERP) (marker of attention; higher amplitude = more attention; divided attention = low amplitude; reduced when talking on the phone, which is in good favor of attention hypothesis) - Hypothesis: - If it’s divided attention → lower P300

Answer 105

- Criticisms of E1 and E2 (and even E3): - Is a phone conversation really different? - Changes: - IV: cell phone vs. passenger - DV: exit (making correct exit) - Hypothesis: better exiting with passengers - Passengers aware of traffic conditions and help navigate

Answer 106

- Summary: Essential bottleneck forces serial processing - attention is limited and when in this situation, you’re doing only one thing at a time (task switching) -Conclusions: central processing bottleneck forces serial processing - Take Home Message: Disengagement from environment when you’re on the phone → inattention blindness; it IS inattention blindness - It’s not the same as a passenger, radio, etc.

Test 1 (My Study Guide) Flashcards

(132 cards)