Test 1 Notes Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
What was the most densely populated area in the Americas when the Europeans FIRST arrived? Why?
A
West Coast; b/c climate was more tamed
2
Q
The population of Americans before EU arrived?
A
~ 4 Million; about the same as England at the time
3
Q
Differences between Tribes / Native nations
A
Language (not intercommunicating)
Ethnicities: They dont see themselves as one people (no one native ppl identity)
Different historical backgrounds
4
Q
Similarities between Tribes / Native nations
A
Animal Interactions: Similar animals ALL throughout the Americas
Animalism
Views on Food
Little emphasis on accumulating WEALTH
No strict social hierarchy
No concept of land ownership
5
Q
What religious concepts did Native Americans all have in common?
A
Animalism
6
Q
How did Animalism influence Native Americans?
A
Influence their world views and how they interacted with nature (i.e didn’t hunt for SPORT)
7
Q
How did Native Americans view food?
A
They all viewed it as a necessary need for survival
8
Q
What is a limiting factor for population?
A
Food Supply
9
Q
What did Native Americans do to get their food before Agriculture?
A
Foragers / Hunters
10
Q
WHEN and WHERE did agriculture start to develop in MESOMERICA?
A
700 - 1200
11
Q
What did Native Americans do with crop overflow?
How did this affect interactions between tribes / Nations?
A
Trade it; Form a trading system between tribes / nations
12
Q
WESTERN REGION: West Pacific Coast
A
Lots of food
SALMON
13
Q
WESTERN REGION: South West
A
Restrictions lead to technological advances: Irrigation
Nomatic behavior was limited; mainly lived in PUEBLITOS
14
Q
CENTRAL REGION: Mississippi River area
A
River system allowed for CANOE TRANSPORTATION
Trans. lead to a large trading system
Home to the biggest civilization of the time:
Cahokia PEAKED @ 30,000
MOUNDS PPL
15
Q
EASTERN REGION
A
Lots of war in between natives; THIS led to alliances (IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY)
Interacted with all the Europeans
16
Q
What led to the Spanish stumbling on the Americas?
A
Ottoman Empire Expansion and capture of CONSTANTINOPLE lead to the TAX trade of the EU Merchants for Asian goods that come from the Silk road.
TAX TOO EXPENSIVE
Need to find NEW passage to INDIA to acquire NICE GOODS
17
Q
Christopher Columbus
A
1492: Sails out
4 Voyages
Doest find anything but Spaniards start to settle there
Spaniards start to settle there
18
Q
Columbian Exchange
A
Bring stuff from the Americas back to EU
Plants and diseases get exchanged.
19
Q
New World Plants
A
Tobacco, Rubber, Vanilla, Cacao, Tomatoes
20
Q
Old World Plants
A
Rice, Citrus Fruit, Onions
21
Q
What happened to the Native population after interacting with Christopher Columbus?
A
They ALL died; 100%
22
Q
What was the disease that killed 90% of the Native population?
A
Smallpox
23
Q
Spanish Settlements in N.A
A
1565 - Florida
1598 - New Mexico
24
Q
French settlements in N.A
A
1608 - New France
25
What was the focus of the Spanish Settlements in N.A?
- Used as outposts
| - To watch for incoming threats
26
What was the focus of the French settlements in N.A?
Fish and Fur
Stablish Fur trade with NATiVES; 2/3 of trades with them
- BEAVERS - Water-resistant Hats
- Trade leads to friendly interactions between French and Natives
27
Netherlands settlements in N.A
1613 - New Netherlands
28
What was the focus of the Netherlands settlements in N.A?
Trading
29
What was the driving factor for England to get Colonies?
They desperately needed valuables for the international trade
The main thing was WOOL
- Needed pastures for SHEEP
30
Why did the WORKING CLASS of England move to the Americas?
- No jobs in England
| - Religious conflict (Protestantism vs. Church of England)
31
What was the first effort by the English to establish land in the Americas?
1585 - Roanoke
32
1585 - Roanoke
Funded by a Joint-Stock Company (bunch of rich ppl come together to fund)
1809 - LOST DUDE no one knows what happened
33
What is a CHARTER?
Royal Stamp of Approval that gives the joint-stock companies exclusive rights to a certain region
34
What was the 2nd effort to settle in the Americas by England?
1609 - Virginia
35
1st English settlement in the Americas?
1607 - Jamestown
36
Jamestown, Virginia
- The House of Burgesses is established
| - Tobacco is its main source of profit
37
What was the House of Burgesses?
1st self-governing English govt of Jamestown
38
Powhatan War 1622 - 1632
- English NEED LAND for TOBACCO
- Natives are on the land and wont give it up
- English poison Natives and burn their fields
- - Natives FLEE WEST
39
Bacon's Rebellion 1676
Indentured Servants revolt
40
Who led Bacon's Rebellion 1676? Why?
Nathaniel Bacon
| - Wanted to change the system
41
What was an Indentured Servant?
People willing to work for FREE for a certain amount of years WITHOUT PAY
In RETURN, free passage to the Americas and land after contract is done
42
1632 - Maryland
Catholic settlement
- Everyone was catholic in Maryland
Obtained charter through connections to the King
43
Where were the NEW ENGLAND Colonies?
Everything NORTHEAST of present-day NY
| - NOT THE 13 COLONIES!
44
1620 - Plymouth
- Largely Puritan
| - Mayflower Compact
45
What was the Mayflower Compact?
- The first governing document of Plymouth Colony
46
How did people end up in New England?
Got run off course but it worked out well lol
47
Who are Puritans?
- Sub-split from the Anglican Church
| - They didnt like that the Anglican Church was too similar to the Catholic churtch
48
Why are they called Puritans?
Wanted to purify the Anglican Church
49
Why did the Puritans come to the Americas?
Religious conflict in England
50
What was the difference between the farming done in Virginia and New England?
Plymouth (New England): Farm for survival; land not sustainable for large crops
Jamestown (Virginia): Farming for WEALTH
51
How did the lifestyle differ in New England from Virginia?
New England: They were there to STAY; not driven by wealth finding
Virginia: ONLY WEALTH; planned to retire back in England.
52
1628 - Massachusetts
Once people heard Plymouth was thriving more PURITANS started to come over and formed Massachusetts
53
Difference between Plymouth and Massachusetts?
Massachusetts had Kings CHARTER
54
What was the concept of Freedom of Religion in NEW ENGLAND?
- Freedom of Religion meant ONLY allowing Puritanism
| - Puritans are FINALLY able to be FREE to do THEIR religion
55
1636 - Rhode Island
Roger Williams
- NOT ONLY Puritan
- CHARTER
- Separation of Church and State
56
Roger Williams
- EXILED from New England b/c didnt agree with the way they treated Native Americans AND with having no separation of CHURCH and STATE
- Wants to BUY land from Natives NOT TAKE IT
57
What group of people, other than Puritans, were attracted to Rhode Island? Why?
- Jewish People
| - B/c there was NO SET religion
58
Pequot War - 1637
Pequot vs. New England
| -SET-OFF: RUMORS that the Pequot killed a WHITE MAN (lies)
59
What were the Middle and Southern Colonies called?
Restoration Colonies
| -Named b/c its Colonies CHARTERED after the English civil war,
60
What was the cause for England not really governing the Colonies?
Conflict on the mainland:
| - English Civil War 1642 - 1651
61
What was the result main outcome of the English Civil War that greatly affected the colonies in the long term?
King has LESS power and PARLAMENT is created
62
1664 - New York
- Captured during the Dutch-English conflict for the Dutch outpost in Africa
- Named after the Duke of York
63
1681 - Pennsylvania
- Got charter bc William Penn's dad was LOYAL to the King
- Had no ministers instead had meeting houses.
- Abolitionists
64
1732 - Georgia
- FINAL of the 13
- James Oglethorpe got the CHARTER
- Made a place for imprisoned people to pay off debt
65
How did slavery in the Americas come to be?
- Developed over time
- Race wasnt the only factor
- - Things such as ethnicity and different religious believes
- ---- i.e Christians superior over all everyone else trash
66
What was the first type of slavery?
Native slavery in between tribes
| - Later on used by Spanish b/c it was inherited from those tribes once they concurred them
67
Problems with Native Slavery?
- Natives rapidly dying from disease
- Resistance from the Tribes
- Constant escapees
68
How did the Spanish use slaves?
Mining Gold / Silver
69
What did the Spanish later use slaves for after mining Gold / Silver?
Plantation Slavery which was sustained with African Slavery
70
What were the advantages of African slavery?
- Not European therefore dont fall under European law (like Indentured servants)
- Easily identifiable (unlike natives) b/c not a lot of Africans on this side of the globe
71
What are Plantations?
Cash crops for selling / trading
72
Where were Plantations most successful?
In the Caribbean
73
What were the problems of Plantation Slavery?
- Slaves exposed to tropic diseases
- Slaves did HARD labor
- MORTALITY rates were high
74
Where were slaves taken from in Africa?
West Coast
75
How did EU get slaves?
EU bought them from African Slave Masters
76
What did the transatlantic slave trade consist of?
Africa to Caribbean and Brazil
77
About how many African slaves were traded?
~ 12 Million
78
What was the Middle Passage?
Part of the Transatlantic slave trade that referred specifically to the voyage between AFRICA and the AMERICAS
79
Who dominated the middle passage?
English
80
What was the mortality of the Middle Passage?
1/3 of people died during the voyage
| - DUE to inhumane conditions
81
When did African Slavery get to N.A?
1619 to Jamestown
82
With the introduction of African Slavery to the Americas what happened?
1. Laws changed to accommodate slave owners and the large numbers of slaves
2. Inheritance changed from Father Stats to Mother Stats
- - i.e Mother enslaved then so its the child
3. The thinking of you are either FULL EU or NOT developed
83
Where was African Slavery most concentrated in the Americas?
- Where large-scale farming was done
| - WHICH MEANT the farther NORTH you went the LESS slaves there was
84
What is the influential doctrine for the Puritans?
Predestination
85
What is Predestination?
The idea that everyone is already predestined to either get into heaven or hell, nothing done during your life-time can change that.
BUT a hint that you were destined for heaven was if lived a godly life.
86
How did Puritans keep people accountable for going to Church?
1. Communal Accountability: neighbors
| 2. Legal Accountability; due to no sep. of Church and State
87
Why were Puritans so hardcore on education?
Got to teach the children to read the BIBLE
88
Who was the first to have Higher Education? Why?
- New England; Harvard
| - To train ministers
89
Who was allowed to vote in New England?
ONLY those who were members of the local Church
| - Had to proclaim faith publicly
90
What were Half-Way Covenants?
Less restrictive church that allows unbaptized members in and allow them to do religious stuff
91
Why did Half-Way Covenants form?
Later Generations stopped going to church and didn't get their children baptized. By allowing them to join in they would get numbers back!
92
What were HARDCORE Puritans views on Half-Way Covenants?
1. Worried about Puritanism being watered down
2. Leads to the heavy persecution of people with different views
- --- EXILE
- --- EXECUTION i.e. Salem Witch Trials 1692 and Quaker Executions 1660
93
What were the major religions of the Colonies?
- Puritans
- Anglicans (Church of England)
- Baptist (Rhode Island)
- Quakers
- Catholics
94
What were the differences between the Colonies?
- Religion
- Separation of Church and State
- -- ONLY 3 states didnt have it
95
What caused the Great Awakening (1730 - 1760s) ?
The drop in Church attendance
96
What was the Great Awakening?
An organic even that happened 1st in New England where ministers went around preaching about how they need to go back to GOD and all its predestination shit
97
Was the Great Awakening successful?
- No, church attendance dropped once the ministers stopped going around
- Lead people to join other churches instead
98
What was the main economic theory during this time?
Mercantilism
99
What is Mercantilism?
Wealth comes exclusively from gold and silver
100
What were ways to obtain silver / gold?
1. Selling goods
| 2. Finding Silver and Gold
101
How does Mercantilism affect the colonies?
Colonies are only to get RAW materials for producing goods to SELL and get silver / gold
102
Could Colonies trade with other countries?
NO, only with England
103
Could Colonies trade with eachother?
Yes, BUT $$$$ Tax
104
Were the trading laws enforced regularly?
No, only for a little bit of time at a time
105
What did this neglect from England towards the trading laws called?
Salutary Neglect
106
What was the Anglo-French Conflict? Where it take place?
1. Religious conflict between England and France
| 2. Most of the fighting took place in New England b/c of the N.A-Canadian Border
107
The Seven Year's War 1756 - 1763 is also referred to as ______
French-Indian War
108
Who was involved in the Sever Years War?
French-Spain vs. England
109
Why does England become Britain?
Scotland + England
110
Who wins the Seven Year War?
England
111
Why do taxes go up after the Seven Years War?
EXPENSIVE WAR b/c it was fought on so many fronts
112
Why are Colonist upset about the taxing?
Taxation without Representation
113
When was the American Revolution?
1775 - 1783
114
What lead to the American Revolution?
Unhappiness about taxes and lack of Representation
115
What was the Continental Congress of 1774?
Meeting where ALL 13 Colonies Reps. met
116
What was discussed in the Continental Congress of 1774?
1. Draw up list of rights colonist have / should have
2. Organized a more direct boycott of British goods
3. Told Massachusetts to do what it needs to defend it self
117
what is Lexington and Concord 1775?
Colonial Militia of Massachusetts vs British Troops SQUIRMISH
--Colonists die
118
Continental Congress of 1775
- Blood drawn during the Lexington and Concord --> what to do?
- Still NOT ABOUT INDEPENDENCE
119
Continental Congress of 1776
Meet up after the King said FUCK YOU, YOU ARE WRONG
| - Support for Independence grew
120
What was the Declaration of Independence 1776?
1. Explained what a good government does and how it should be structure
2. Pointed out how Britain has failed to be a good govt.
121
What are the advantages of Britain during the Rev. War?
1. Numbers
2. Money
3. Navy
122
What are the advantages of the American's during the Rev. War?
1. Territory
2. Had no Capital which CONFUSED Britain
3. Assistance from French / Spanish
123
How did France help Americans during the Rev. War?
1. Sent troops to the Americas and Caribbean
2. Ships
3. Experts to teach em how to fight
124
How did Spain help Americans during the Rev. War?
Indirectly through supporting France and sending troops to the Caribbean
125
Why did France and Spain send their troops to the Caribbean? How did that help Americans?
1. Wanted to take the Caribbean territory of England.
| 2. England withdrew from the Americas to fight in the Caribbean b/c its worth WAY MORE
