Test 1 Notes

Question 1

What makes it a bird?

Diagnostic Features

Answer 1

1. feathers- present on all birds and NO other living creatures
2. Furcula- fused clavioles

Question 2

What makes it a bird?

Key Features

Answer 2

1. keel
2. bill
3. wings
4. bipedal locomotion
5. no bony tail (pygostyle)

Question 3

Increasing representation of more fit genotypes=evolution

Answer 3

Viola

Question 4

Two key outcomes of evolution by natural selection

Answer 4

1. adaptation

2. speciation

Question 5

atonement to the environment

Answer 5

adaptation

Question 6

may occur but doesn’t have to occur

Answer 6

speciation

Question 7

changes within an environment

Answer 7

anagenisis

-adaptation

Question 8

lineage splitting

Answer 8

cladogenesis

-speciation

Question 9

• all of life evolved from a single common ancestor
• no TRANSITIONAL fossils
• got credit for wallices idea

Answer 9

Darwin

Question 10

transitional fossil

intermediate between birds and dinosaurs

Answer 10

Archaeopteryx

Question 11

150 million years old
jurassic perios
lived with familiar dinasours
was able to fly- assymetrical structure

Answer 11

Archaeopteryx

Question 12

strongest argument

Answer 12

theory 2- birds predate dinosaurs

-based on the belief that the 3 digests retained in the bird wing differs from the dinosaurs

Question 13

taxon with only one subgroup

ex/ ospray is the only species in family Pan

Answer 13

Monotypic taxon

Question 14

a group comprising an ancestor and all desccendents

by definition monophyletic

Answer 14

clade

Question 15

a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms

Answer 15

phylogeny

Question 16

2 broad methods for constructing phylogenies

Answer 16

1. Phonetics

2. Cladistics

Question 17

method for constructing phylogenies based on the overall similarity of the organisms

• total shared traits
• group organisms by similarity

Answer 17

Phonetics

Question 18

methods for constructing phylogenies based on SHARED DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS

Answer 18

Cladistics

Question 19

two ways species can have similar characteristics

Answer 19

1. By decent-inherit trait from common ancestor

2. By convergence -independently

Question 20

similar by decent

Answer 20

Homology

Question 21

a character shared by a similar species but not in there ancestor

Answer 21

Homoplasy

Question 22

old approach, played a big role in early molecular systematics

Answer 22

Phonetics

Question 23

cadistic approach- the simplest phylogeny is the correct phylogeny

Answer 23

Principle of Parsimony

Question 24

primary function of respiratory system

Answer 24

aquire O2

discard CO2

Question 25

How do they reach O2 demands?

Answer 25

2 small dense lungs in thoracic cavity no diaphragm 6-12 air sacs

Question 26

birds core temp -40C

Answer 26

Thermoregulation

Question 27

no additional energy required to maintain body temp - upper critical limit - lower critical limit

Answer 27

thermoneutral zone

Question 28

must use energy to stay warm

Answer 28

lower critical limit

Question 29

must use energy to stay cold

Answer 29

upper critical limit

Question 30

2 requirements for high constant body temp

Answer 30

1. insulation-feathers-best in nature | 2. fuel- an unlimited supply

Question 31

can reduce effectiveness or fitness as an insulator

Answer 31

artificial selection

Question 32

heat generation

Answer 32

1. biochemical breakdown of food - cellular respiration 2. shivering - rapid contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles with no net movement

Question 33

responses to cold

Answer 33

- adaptation, larger and darker colored - erect feathers - protected roost - huddle - shiver

Question 34

skeletal anatomy

Answer 34

1. fusion of bones | 2. pneumatization of bones

Question 35

flapping apparatus

Answer 35

pectorial major supracoracoiclues -both anchor at keel challenge: how to raise the wing with muscle below it

Question 36

powerful downstroak

Answer 36

pectorial major

Question 37

upstroke

Answer 37

supracoracoiclues

Question 38

why do northern birds move south in fall?

Answer 38

to avoid lack of food

Question 39

avian thermoregulation

Answer 39

more feathers, more body fat

Question 40

a slowing down of metabolic rate ( including drop in core temp) during part of daily cycle

Answer 40

Torpor | -Many hummingbirds use this

Question 41

slowing down of metabolic cycle for part of anual cycle

Answer 41

Hibernation

Question 42

used for food storage

Answer 42

crop

Question 43

chemical digestion

Answer 43

proventricles

Question 44

mechanical digestion

Answer 44

grizzard

Question 45

small stones swallowd and stored in grizzard

Answer 45

grit

Question 46

site of bacterial digestion

Answer 46

ceacum

Question 47

all birds are____ in sex chromosomes

Answer 47

diploid

Question 48

hapliod sex chromosomes

Answer 48

gametes

Question 49

diploid cell resulting from combination of egg & sperm chromosomes

Answer 49

zygote

Question 50

Males and females contribute 50% of _____ genes via sexual reproduction

Answer 50

nuclear

Question 51

_____ engage in recombination

Answer 51

autosomes

Question 52

- no recombination - very high mutation rate - codes for essential respiratory genes

Answer 52

mitochondrial genome

Question 53

female sex chromosomes

Answer 53

ZW heterogametic

Question 54

male sex chromosome

Answer 54

ZZ homogametic

Question 55

reproduction in which eggs are laid by the female and develop outside of the body -all birds

Answer 55

oviparous

Question 56

the eggs produced by a bird in a continuous laying bout

Answer 56

clutch

Question 57

egg is coated with

Answer 57

1. Albumen 2. Shell membrane 3. Shell pigment

Question 58

produce sperm (haploid)

Answer 58

testes

Question 59

transport and stores sperm

Answer 59

Vas Deren

Question 60

adds nutrients to produce semen

Answer 60

seminal vesicle

Question 61

a common reproductive strategy i birds with copulatory organs

Answer 61

forced copulation