Test 3 notes Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
critical song learning period
-conspecific song
A
chick/ fledging
2
Q
subsong period
-practice
A
Fall juvenile
3
Q
quiet
A
winter juvenile
4
Q
normal song
A
spring adult
5
Q
During critical song learning period, tutor sons are filtered through a _______ in the brain
A
template
6
Q
Have an innate song template, no critical song learning period, but most practice as young birds
A
brown headed cowbird
7
Q
Functions of song
A
- signaling social status in male-male competition
- attracting females during mate selection
(when males were devocalized the number of fights/hr increased, the number of intrusions increased and the number of takeovers increased)
8
Q
Song and Mate choice
-song may be an honest signal of?
A
-stamina
-brain structure
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
9
Q
heightened volume of birds song at dawn
A
dawn chorus
- hypothesized to signal male quality
- only males in the best condition can wake up and sing for an hour before foraging
10
Q
number of distinct songs that are sung by an individual
A
repertoire size
11
Q
using the song of other birds or other sound sources as a part of song
A
mimicry
12
Q
Movement Patterns
A
- Maintenance
2. Dispersal
13
Q
movements within a home range
-food sources, nest roost
A
Maintenance
14
Q
Movement Patterns
A
- Maintenance
- Dispersal
a. natal dispersal - irruptions/invasions
- migration
15
Q
movement from the place of birth to the place of breedintg
A
natal dispersal
-THIS IS TO AVOID INBREEDING
16
Q
brief sounds with relatively simple acoustical structure
A
call
- year round
- both sexes
17
Q
more complex sounds than calls generally composed of 5 or more notes separated by pauses
A
song
- breeding season only
- males only
18
Q
avian voice box
-function: equivalent of human larynx
A
syrinx
19
Q
in a syrinx sounds are produced by
A
- vibration of membrane
2. facing air through passageway
20
Q
- birds have independent control of the right and left side of the syrinx
- tested wood thrush
A
dual sound source theory
21
Q
movement from the place of birth to the place of breedintg
A
natal dispersal
-THIS IS TO AVOID INBREEDING and competition with other sexes
22
Q
benefits of natal dispersal
A
increases genetic representation in future generations
23
Q
costs of natal dispersal
A
expose deleterious recessive alleles
24
Q
dispersing sex
A
- females are the dispersing sec in birds
- males are the dispersing sex in mammals
25
Why the difference dispersing sex between birds?
- most birds are territorial and males benefit from site fidelity
- most mammals dwell in burrows with matrilineal resource inheritance
26
determining direction and distance to a goal
navigation
27
requires a compass sense (orientation)
navigation
28
the tendency to stay at home
philopatry
| birds: males more philopathic
29
movement from one breeding site to another by adults
breeding dispersal
30
movements hat ae irregular irregular in timing or duration
irruptions/invasions
31
movement back and forth b/t sites; regular in timing and distance
migration
32
typically from high elevations of mountains to valleys in winter
altitudinal migration
33
migrates b/t two deserts with offset wet seasons
wet/dry migration
34
Migration from North to South
latitudinal migration
35
energetics of migration
- energy demanding process
- fat stores
- tans-gulf migration
- pre-migratory fattening
36
lipid deposits used to fuel migration
fat stores
37
migrate across gulf of mexico
trans-gulf migration
38
pulling on fat before long distance migration
pre-migratory fatting
39
-most small birds and some large birds-leave at sun downdown
noturnal migration
40
why migrate at night?
- to avoid predators
| - avoid turbulent air
41
born with behavioral ability to migrate
| -migratory behavior is shaped by evolution
Innate Navigational Ability
42
are of exclusive resource use defended by one or more small group of individuals
territory
43
an area habitually used by a bird but NOT EXCLUSIVE
home rage
44
breeding territories
Type A,B,C, and D
45
all purpose territory used for mating,nesting,foraging sit for parents and young. ex/ many yard birds
Type A
46
mating and nesting but not feeding ex/marsh nesting birds
Type B
47
mating only ex/ leks (turkey and cowbirds)
Type C
48
small nesting territory- not usually considered a true territory
Type D
49
non breeding territory
Feeding territories
50
ex/ townsends colitare, sanderlings, rufus hummingbird
feeding territories
51
Factors that determine territory
1. Food Density
2. Nest site availability
3. Predation Pressure
52
- food must be distributed in a defensive pattern
| - > neither clumped or to sparse
food density
53
mainly species defend cavities
nest site availability
54
clumping nests can either be beneficial or detrimental
predation pressure
55
dominance hierarchies
pecking order
-most dominance hierarchies are linear
A>B and B>C then A>C
56
determinant of dominance
1. size and physical attributes
- larger and stronger wins
2. age and expensive
- older birds with prior territorial experience almost always wins.
3. home court advantage
- site residency (experiment proved this)
4. motivation
- more motivated bird defeats less motivated bird
57
a morphological trait that reliably indicates resource holding potential
status signal
- honest because cheaters are punished -> trust but verify
- can also work between age and sex class
58
not attaining definitive (adult) plumage until after the first potential breeding season- subadult plumage (type of breeding signal)
delayed plumage maturation
59
male steroid hormone
- proximate control for aggressive behavior and dominance
- > can change territorial behavior
testosterone
60
two adaptations for hatching
1. hatching muscle
| 2. egg tooth
61
muscle at back of neck only presents on nestlings
hatching muscle
62
small project at tip of bill on present at time of hatch
egg tooth
63
development primarily inside egg
precocial development
64
development primarily outside egg
altricial development
65
at hatch:
- mobile
- covered in dense down
- feed themselves
precocial young
66
at hatch:
- immobile
- naked or nearly naked
altricial young
67
young bird still in nest
nestling
68
young bird out of nest but dependent on parent
fledgling
69
act of leaving the nest
fledging
70
birds grow very rapidly and reach adult body size by fledging
- any flying bird is adult sized
- birds grow fast and reach adult size soon after hatching
bird growth
71
two brood catagories
1. cup nests
| 2. cavity nests
72
2 important groups
excavators and nonexcavatiors
73
dig their own cavity
excavator
74
wing existing catagories
nonexcavator
75
sequence of eggs laid together
clutch
76
2 general strategies of clutch size
1. fixed
| 2. variable
77
always the same number of eggs
fixed
78
what determines clutch size?
1. parental ability
| 2. risk of loss
79
- experience
- condition
- duality of mate
parental ability
80
- predators
| - weather
risk of loss
81
keeping eggs watm with parental body heat
incubation
82
bare patch on breast that becomes a fluid filled
- warm pillow for transferring heat
- typically females onle
brood patch
83
who incubates
most common: female only
uncommon: male and female
rare: male only
84
2 patterns of incubation-determines hatching
1. wait until eggs are laid
| 2. asynchronous hatching
85
wait until eggs are laid
all chicks hatch at once
-necessary for precocial chicks
synchronous hatching
86
start with first egg
| -chicks hatch on different days
asynchronous hatching
87
letting the youngest/weakest chicks starve if food is limited
brood reduction
| -happens in asynchronous hatching
88
killing siblings
siblicide
89
laying eggs in other birds nests
brood parasitism
90
capable of building nests and raising young but sometimes EGG DUMP
facultative brood parasite
91
incapable of building nest or raising young. Must parasitize another species
obligate brood parasite
92
sometimes recognize cowbird eggs and reject them
rejecter species
93
almost never reject cowbird eggs
accepter species
94
all edge/grassland species. All had a history of association with cowbirds
rejecter species
95
inferior forest birds with that has n exposure to cowbirds until forests were clear.
accepter species
96
finding a goal using familiar terrestrial marking
| -how birds get around most of the time
piloting
97
returning to location after displacement
| -birds speciate very greatly in this
homing
98
determining compass direction with out referring to terrestrial
orientation
99
determining direction and distance to a goal without reference to terrestrial landmarks
-requires a compass sense
navigation
100
north star fixed due north position in sky of north hemisphere
polaris
101
earths geometric field is a good source of compass direction
geomagnetism
