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Physiology (Year 2) > Test 1 (Paper) > Flashcards

Test 1 (Paper) Flashcards

1
Q

What two things are associated with a decline in aerobic fitness?

A

Physical functional capacity

Cognitive function

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2
Q

Previous studies done on older adults ranging between 6-12 months have shown an increase of Vo2 max of between what persentages?

A

15 to 29%

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3
Q

Previous studies done on older adults ranging between 9-12 weeks have shown an increase of VO2 max of between what persentages?

A

6 to 18%

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4
Q

What two things are associated with an increase in Vo2 max?

A

Improvements to - cardiac output

Stroke volume

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5
Q

What were the main goals of the study?

A

To determine the time course and mechanism of adaption to a 12 week endurance training program in older and younger males

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6
Q

What was the predicted Hypothesis?

A

Both older and younger males would show an increase in Vo2 max

Both older and younger males would show an increase in Maximal cardiac output and this would be the reason for the improved Vo2 max

a-vo2diff would also be a small factor of the improved Vo2 max

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7
Q

How many old males participated and what was the age range?

A

8 participants

68 ± 7 years

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8
Q

How many young males participated and what was the age range?

A

8 participants

23 ± 5 years

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9
Q

All subjects were nonobese, meaning?

A

BMI was less than or equal to 30kg/m2

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10
Q

What tests did participants have to undertake prior to participating?

A

Maximum exercises stress test

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11
Q

What maximal test did participants undertake at the start of the study?

A

Maximal cycle ergometer ramp test

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12
Q

How and when was blood lactate taken?

A

1 min after the ramp test using a fingertip blood sample

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13
Q

When did the measurement of Maximal cardiac output begin during the constant-load cycling?

A

When the participant thought they were 30 seconds from exhaustion

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14
Q

What was Vo2 defined as?

A

The highest Vo2 observed for an averaged of 20 consecutive seconds during either the ramp test or the constant load cycle

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15
Q

When did the measurement of Maximal cardiac output begin during cycling at a power output corresponding to 90% of their pretraining?

A

When steady state of gaseous exchange was achieved

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16
Q

How often was blood test conducted?

A

Pre
Mid (6 weeks)
Post (12weeks)

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17
Q

How many sessions a week was the endurance training / what was it preformed on / how many weeks was it preformed for?

A

Three sessions per week

Cycle ergometer

12 weeks

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18
Q

What weeks was intensity levels of the endurance training increased?

A

3 week intervals to reflect changes in fitness levels

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19
Q

What training changes were undergone in the final 2 weeks and why?

A

individuals in both training groups either continuous training or preformed HIIT (10-12 bouts of 1 min 90-100% max) 1min rest

This was because Vo2 max was likely to plateau by this point

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20
Q

How were inspired and expired flow rates measured?

A

Using a low-dead-space (90ml) bidirectional turbine

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21
Q

What were the five inspired and expired gases analyzed?

A 
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide 
Nitrogen  
Helium 
Acetylene
22
Q

How was heart rate measured?

A

Continuously by Electrocardiogram using PowerLab

23
Q

How was Maximal cardiac output measured?

A

Using the acetylene open circuit inert gas-washing method and then analysed using custom data software

24
Q

How was the a-vo2diff calculated?

A

Fick equation

25
Q

How was stroke volume calculated?

A

Maximal cardiac output / Heart Rate

26
Q

What statical tests were used?

A

Indipendednt t-tests and repeated-measures ANOVA

27
Q

Who had a higher power output, younger or older?

A

Younger (P<0.05)

28
Q

Different affects on power output from Continuous training vs HIIT

A

Continuous training -
Increase in average power output

HIIT -
Exercised at a higher power output than past testing

29
Q

What happened to Power output from pre to post training?

A

Progressively increased in both younger and older

30
Q

Within what week was the highest Vo2max increase observed?

A

Within 3 weeks in both younger and older but further increase was observed post training

31
Q

Percentage change in Vo2max was larger in younger or older and what were the percentages?

A
  1. Older (31 ± 10%)

2. Younger (18 ± 10%)

32
Q

What happened to Heart rate response from pre to post-intervenion?

A

Unaffected

33
Q

What change happened to Maximal cardiac output and after what weeks?

A

Higher (P<0.05) in older and younger after 3 weeks of training with a further increase after 9 weeks

34
Q

What happened to stroke volume?

A

Increased significantly in both groups after 3 weeks

35
Q

What three variables saw a similar increase for both groups respectively?

A

Maximal cardiac output

Stroke Volume max

a-vO2diff

36
Q

In the olders what percentage of the change to the vo2 max was because of the increase in Maximal cardiac output?

A

69%

37
Q

In the olders what percentage of the change to the vo2 max was because of the increase in a-vO2diff?

A

31%

38
Q

In the youngers what percentage of the change to the vo2 max was because of the increase in Maximal cardiac output?

A

56%

39
Q

In the younger what percentage of the change to the vo2 max was because of the increase in a-vO2diff?

A

44%

40
Q

When/how much (fraction) did the majority of the change to the Vo2 max occur in the Youngers?

A

In contrast with the olders approximately two-thirds of the increase occurred within the first 3 weeks of training (interestingly this change depended on a-vO2diff with Q max making up most of the change in the rest of the weeks)

41
Q

What were the three main findings of the paper?

A
  1. The time course of changes in Vo2 max was similar in both older and younger
  2. The percentage increases in Vo2 max was significantly larger in older than younger
  3. The mechanisms explaining the time course of increase in Vo2max were different in older and younger
42
Q

What may explain the larger increase in Vo2 max in the study

A

The relatively high training intensity used (~70% of Vo2max) and the frequent progression of intensity

43
Q

What was the overall increase in Vo2 in the Olders?

A

31%

reflecting the lower absolute pertaining of Vo2max in olders

44
Q

What was the overall increase in Vo2 in the Youngers?

A

18%

reflecting the higher absolute pertaining of Vo2max in youngers

45
Q

What two factors could the larger Stroke volume max be related too?

A

An enhanced left ventricle filling

Increased left ventricle contractility

46
Q

What factor could the increase in Maximal cardiac output be related too?

A

Increased diastolic filling because of a more compliant left ventricle

47
Q

What four things can a greater whole body o2 extraction improve?

A

Capillarization

Number of type 2A muscle fibres

Enzymes activity

Microvascular blood flow distribution

48
Q

Since the overall Heart rate max did not change from pre or post training what were the improvements in Maximal cardiac output explained by?

A

Higher Stroke Volume

49
Q

What did youngers initially rely on for the increase to Vo2 max and what was the further increase down too?

A

Initially -
Maximal a-vo2diff

Further increase - Maximal cardiac output

50
Q

What did older initially rely on for the increase to Vo2 max and what was the further increase down too?

A

Consistent improvements in Maximal cardiac output throughout

Physiology (Year 2) (6 decks)

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