Test #1 Part 2

Question 1

What is a ligament?

Answer 1

Tissue anchored to bone that is very tough.

Question 2

What three types of joints are there?

Answer 2

Synarthrodial
Amphiarthrodial
Diarthrodial (synovial)

Question 3

What is a synarthrodial joint?

Answer 3

None moving joint i.e. sutures

Question 4

What is an amphiarthrodial joint?

Answer 4

Sometimes moving joints i.e. symphysis pubis

Question 5

What is a diarthrodial/synovial joint?

Answer 5

Moves freely.

Question 6

What is the miniscus and what is its purpose?

Answer 6

Fibro cartilage

Purposes:

• Deepens the socket
• Serves as a guide wire
• shock absorber

Question 7

What does DVT stand for?

Answer 7

Deep Vein Thrombosus

Question 8

What are some symptoms of DVT?

Answer 8

• Leg aches in calf or thigh
• Temperature increase
• redness/red streak

Question 9

What does PE stand for?

Answer 9

Pulmonary envolye

Question 10

What does MP stand for?

Answer 10

Metacarpal phalanges

Question 11

What does PIP stand for?

Answer 11

Proximal interphalanges

Question 12

What does DIP stand for?

Answer 12

Distal interphalanges

Question 13

What is Hyperextension?

Answer 13

going beyond natural position

Question 14

When winding up before throwing a softball… during the wind up your body going beyond natural position is…

Answer 14

Hyperextension

Question 15

What does A24 stand for?

Answer 15

Abduction

Question 16

What does A44 stand for?

Answer 16

Adduction

Question 17

What is a first class lever?

Answer 17

Fulcrum in the middle; used to move big things (seesaw)

Question 18

What is a second class lever?

Answer 18

Used for lifting big things. Resistance is in the middle. I.e. Standing on the ball of your food

Question 19

What is a third class lever?

Answer 19

Force is in the middle. Used for range of motion and speed. I.e. Flexing the elbow

Question 20

Describe the characteristics of a synovial joint:

Answer 20

Fibrous joint capsule

capsule encloses joint cavity

synovial membrane lines joint capsule

synovial fluid lines inner surface of capsule ( bathes, nourishes, and lubricates the joint)

articulating surfaces of bones covered with hyaline

Question 21

Describe major joint motions and planes of motion:

Answer 21

sagittal : flexion and extension
frontal: adducation and abduction
horizontal abducation and adduction in transverse plane
internal rotation and external rotation, transverse plane,

Question 22

Explain open and closed chain movements and positions

Answer 22

Open kinetic chain: distal end of the distal segment is moving freely in space: bench press or leg press on machine

Closed kinetic chain:distal end of distal segment is in contact with fixed surface:: pushup, hip abduction staying still.

Question 23

Define ligaments:

Answer 23

ligaments: experience sprains

class one: partial tear, stretched structure, no swelling, you could still move

class two: half way tear, delayed swelling, you are done but can move in your own power.

class three: complete rupture, immediate swelling, can put weight on it.

Question 24

Define tendons:

Answer 24

Tendons: experience strains: where you pull muscle:

Question 25

Describe bone signs (fractures)

Answer 25

fractures:
Mechanism: What event caused injury

Pinpoint paint: it will hurt right where the bone is broken

Top and bottom: if bone is broken, it will hurt on top and bottom, but if not it will only hurt on the top.

Viration test: tuning fork and pat on bony knob it will transfer and elecit pain.

deforming: may or may not be deformed.

Change in function: not an incease or decrease in movement, but an actual change in the way it moves, ex of creating a new joint.

Trauma in long axis:

Time test: if it’s broken, it wil feel worse in a day but if it isn’t broken it won’t, a strain will feel better,

Gut test: whatever you feel,

compression test: bones that parallel each other, compressing the lower end and then feeling pain at the fracture site.

Question 26

Describe the classification of skeletal muscles

Answer 26

parrallel- range of motion, not as much power, strap (sartorius) and fusifrom (biceps)

pennate: power but not much range of motion

Question 27

Give an example of a unipennate muscle:

Answer 27

flexor pollicis longus

Question 28

Give an example of bipennate muscle:

Answer 28

reactus femoris muscle, calf muscle, stronger

Question 29

Give an example of a multipennate muscle

Answer 29

subscapularis

Question 30

Explain the sliding filament theory.

Answer 30

the sarcomere is composed of two types of muscle protein called actin (thin) and myosin(thick). Actin contains two other components, troponin and tropomyosin. myosin contains many crossbridges. When an nerve impulse is recieved, the cross bridges pull the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere and tension is created. It is all or none the amount of forced produced by a muscle is determined by the number of motor units recruited and the number of fibers in each unit. uses atp cocks fibers, and pulls actin.

Question 31

What is kyphosis?

Answer 31

exaggerated thoracic curve, hunchback

Question 32

What is lordosis?

Answer 32

exaggerated lumbar curve

Question 33

What is scoliosis?

Answer 33

“S” curve

Question 34

Define a motor unit

Answer 34

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.

Question 35

Define the types of muscle contraction a provide examples of same

Answer 35

isometric contraction: same length, gravity muscles, neck muscles,

isokinetic: constant speed or controlled contraction against accomdating resistance

isotonic: : change in length
concentric: muscle shortens
eccentric: muscle lengthens

Question 36

Describe the safe and effective biomechanics of lifting

Answer 36

a. Wide base of support
b. Flat vertical back (spinal muscles aren’t meant for lifting and extending)
c. Keep object close to center of gravity
d. Lift with legs
e. Don’t lift and rotate (lose efficiency as you rotate)
f. Lift with your legs.

Question 37

What is bilateral genu valgus?

Answer 37

i. Bilateral genu valgus: commonly called “knock-knee”, is a condition in which the knees angle in and touch one another when the legsare straightened. Individuals with severe valgus deformities are typically unable to touch their feet together while simultaneously straightening the legs. The term originates from the Latin genu, “knee”, and valgus which actually means bent outwards, but in this case, it is used to describe the distal portion of the knee joint which bends outwards and thus the proximal portion seems

Question 38

What is cubitous valgus?

Answer 38

a medical deformity in which the forearm is angled away from the body to a greater degree than normal when fully extended. A small degree of cubitus valgus (known as the carrying angle) is acceptable and occurs in the general population.

Question 39

What is cubitous varus?

Answer 39

Cubitus varus (varus means a deformity of a limb in which part of it is deviated towards the midline of the body) is a common deformity in which the extended forearm is deviated towards midline of the body .

Question 40

What is genu recurvottum?

Answer 40

Genu recurvatum is a deformity in the knee joint, so that the knee bends backwards. In this deformity, excessive extension occurs in the tibiofemoral joint. Genu recurvatum is also called knee hyperextension and back knee.