Test 1 questions

Question 1

Animals with adaptive immune systems tend to be ___ than those without

Answer 1

larger

Question 2

80% of an infants food energy is used by the baby’s ___.

Answer 2

brain

Question 3

The blue arrow points to a pathogen recognized by innate pattern receptors that identify foreign _____.

Answer 3

surface proteins

Question 4

The adaptive immune responses resemble policing techniques of ballistics, fingerprinting and facial recognition. How is the immune system not like these techniques?

Answer 4

the immune system does not conserve energy, it costs a lot of energy

Question 5

Ignaz Semmelweis’s insights into lowering mortality involved using ___ to protect women.

Answer 5

sanitation (hand washing)

Question 6

The following lists three real-life situations. Indicate whether these situations are analogous to TH1, TH2, or Treg responses by choosing the answer choice with the corresponding order. 1) In the 1980s, the US reestablished diplomatic relation with Iraq and began selling Saddam Hussein military technology. 2) Prior to the Gulf war, the US restricted imports to Iraq, including both weaponry and consumer goods. 3) Prior to the Gulf War, Saddam Hussein dropped chemical weapons on both Iran and in border areas of Iraq.

Answer 6

1) Treg 2) TH2 3) TH1

Question 7

Supposing you engineered a mouse to overexpress both GATA2 and ikaros. The mouse would probably produce an excess of:

Answer 7

NK cells

Question 8

The multi-lobed nucleus of a neutrophil most likely helps the cell to _______.

Answer 8

extravasate without damaging its chromatin

Question 9

Sentinel dendritic cells and macrophages can BOTH _______.

Answer 9

-present antigen to TH cells -recognize specific danger signals using TLRs

Question 10

The two cells shown here both rearrange genes in the ________. However the one on the left (holding gun) ________.

Answer 10

-bone marrow; can splice messages with both M and D constant exons

Question 11

RAG 1 and 2 enzymes act on _______ genes in this organ.

Answer 11

TCR

Question 12

As lymph flows through lymph nodes from ______, follicular dendritic cells may bind to ________.

Answer 12

tissue to heart; antigen-antibody complexes

Question 13

The M cells of the gastrointestinal mucosal provide pockets where ________.

Answer 13

B cells can recognize antigen

Question 14

An inflammatory response typically _________ body temperature and __________vascular permeability.

Answer 14

increases; increases

Question 15

A B cell has both toll-like receptors and immunoglobulin receptors on its surface. A pathogenic fungus activates both of these receptors via different molecules. The activation process differs in that only the TLR recognizes _______.

Answer 15

characteristics of wall materials common to many types of fungi

Question 16

In this drawing of Toll-Like Receptors, the Roman numeral I points to a receptor that might serve as a second signal to activate __________ and the signal labeled II might alert ________ to the presence of viruses.

Answer 16

thymus-independent B cells; sentinel dendritic

Question 17

This multi-enzyme complex is most directly responsible for the _______ the phagolysosome.

Answer 17

production of bleach and other ROS in

Question 18

The cytoplasmic surface of the phagolysosome is enclosed by ________, which prevent the contents from expanding by absorbing water by osmosis.

Answer 18

microfilaments

Question 19

Which letter indicates the activation of integrin?

Answer 19

C

Question 20

If you traveled back to the Jurassic and encountered T. rex, you ______ expect it to have a fully adaptive immune system because ________.

Answer 20

would; its closest living relatives, birds and crocodiles, have one

Question 21

Proteolytic treatment targets the _______ of an antibody, leaving the _______ intact.

Answer 21

hinge; CDR (antigen binding site)

Question 22

Indicate the order of the synthesis of these peptides by using the choice with the correct Roman numerals. I. Ig α and β co-receptors II. M class heavy chain III. D class heavy chain IV. Surrogate light chain V. λ light chain

Answer 22

1) Ig α and β co-receptors 2) M class heavy chain 3) Surrogate light chain 4) λ light chain 5) D class heavy chain

Question 23

G class antibodies ________ than do A class antibodies.

Answer 23

come in two more subclasses

Question 24

Neither G class nor A class antibodies ________.

Answer 24

can be synthesized prior to class switching

Question 25

This bread a butter sandwich sometimes serves as a metaphor for the immunoglobulin domain. The bread represents _______ amino acids and the toothpick represents the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 25

hydrophilic; disulfide bond

Question 26

This illustration of an antibodies has four regions circled and numbered with Roman Numerals. Each region is an area coded for by the intersection of different gene regions or exons. At which junction(s) would a cell be likely to make a frameshift mutation during its processing?

Answer 26

I only

Question 27

Which letter indicates a constant region the will NOT have instructions to make a hinge region?

Answer 27

H

Question 28

Which letter indicates a region with an activated promoter?

Answer 28

A

Question 29

Heavy and light chain genes both have multiple ______ regions.

Answer 29

V-L and J only

Question 30

In order to produce a line of monoclonal antibodies to a particular antigen, scientists fuse B cells exposed to that antigen with myeloma cells. They then culture the resulting cells in HAT medium. Incubation in HAT medium functions to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 30

starve unfused myeloma cells

Question 31

This antibody uses the J chain to _______ and is ______ inflammatory.

Answer 31

enter the gut lumen; not

Question 32

When a gene rearrangement multienzyme complex selects a V-L and J region to join, it first makes a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_-stranded cut in the _________ region of both RSSs.

Answer 32

single; heptamer

Question 33

N-nucleotide addition adds nucleotides to ________ of the DNA in the junctional region(s) of the DNA of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 33

both strands of; the heavy chain only

Question 34

During class switching a cell may switch from an M class to a (n) _______ class, but may NOT switch from a(n) ______ class.

Answer 34

A2; E to G1

Question 35

Somatic hypermutation targets specific regions of the genes for both heavy and light chains. Which bracket best indicates the region likely to undergo somatic hypermutation?

Answer 35

D