Test 1 Study Guide Flashcards by Savannah Robbins

Gas exchange between blood, tissues, and
cells of the body

Internal Respiration

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What affects the way gases move?

Diffusion
Thickness of membrane
Partial Pressures
Solubility

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The ______ bronchioles mark the beginning of the respiratory or gas-exchange zone.

Respiratory

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The upper airways consist of:

Nose
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

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The nose’s main purpose

warm, humidify and filter inspired gas

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Breathing route of choice for adults at rest

Nose

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the space behind the nasal
cavities that extends down behind the tongue to the
larynx.

Pharynx

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Parts of the pharynx

Nasopharynx
* Oropharynx
* Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx

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Large leaf-like cartilage. Prevents aspiration of food and liquids.

Epiglottis

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Covers opening of the larynx
during swallowing.

Epiglottis

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Space between epiglottis and
tongue. Important landmark during
endotracheal intubation

Vallecula

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Conducting airways consist of (histology)

Mucus blanket
* Epithelium
* Basement membrane
* Lamina propria

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Lines the trachea down to the
respiratory bronchioles. Contain mucus secreting goblet cells.

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Epithelium

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Known as the mucociliary escalator.

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Epithelium

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Contains 250 cilia beating at 1300
times per minute. Moves sheet of mucus toward the pharynx at 2 cm per minute.

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Epithelium

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2 types of epithelial cells in the Alveolar epithelium

Type I: Gas exchange
surface
Type II: Surfactant

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Adjoining basement membranes
of the alveolar epithelium and
capillary endothelium form
extremely thin blood-air barrier
that is highly or lowly permeable to
gases?

Highly

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large migratory phagocytes wandering
freely throughout the alveolar airspaces and interstitium.

Alveolar Macrophages

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in the acinus engulf foreign material
(organic and inorganic), destroying bacteria and entrapping inorganic particles.

Alveolar Macrophages

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Some phagocytized material is _____, and some is simply surrounded and isolated.

Dissolved

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Potent ____ and oxidizing agents kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

Enzymes

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All airways before beginning of alveoli.
Begins at nose and ends at terminal bronchioles.

Conducting airways

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Conducts gas to the alveoli.
No gas exchange occurs

Conducting airways

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Provide for collateral ventilation between acini or primary lobules.

Channels of Martin, Canals of
Lambert, and Pores of Kohn

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Additional ventilation for blocked alveolar units.. May explain why diseases spread so quickly at the lung tissue (parenchymal) level.

Channels of Martin, Canals of Lambert, and Pores of Kohn

major muscle of inspiration where the lung bases rest

Diaphragm

The _____ hemidiaphragm is slightly lower

Left

The heart rests on the ___ half of the diaphragm

Left

The liver is crowded into the_____ cavity below the right.

Abdominal

The _____ and _____ pleurae are a continuous membrane forming sealed envelopes surrounding each lung.

visceral and parietal

The _____ pleura, attached to the lungs surface, doubles back on itself at the hilar region to form the parietal pleura

Visceral

Covers the inner chest wall surface

parietal pleura

Fluid in pleural space

Pleural Effusion

Fluid settles into _____ angles, blunting their outline on CXR.

Costophrenic

surgical removal of excess pleural fluid via tube insertion into pleural cavity.

Thoracentesis

The paired ____ nerves supply motor innervation to the hemidiaphragms:

Phrenic

Originate from C3-C5 spinal nerves and cross in front of the scalenus anterior muscles of the neck and enter the chest, sandwiched between the subclavian arteries and veins.

Phrenic Nerves

Injury from surgery, trauma, or disease

Somatic innervation

May paralyze diaphragm (3-5 keep diaphragm alive) if injured. Breathing is possible if accessory nerves are intact.

Somatic innervation

Accessory muscles of inspiration

Scalene muscles Sternocleidomastoid muscles Pectoralis major muscles External intercostal muscles

______ are the only Accessory Muscles of Expiration

Abdominals

Abdominal Muscles

Internal intercostal muscles. Rectus abdominis muscles (most important). External abdominis oblique. Internal abdominis oblique. Transverses abdominis.

The collective action of the _____muscles of expiration causes the intrapleural pressure to increase, the chest to move outward, and gas flow to increase.

Accessory

At sea level, atmospheric pressure exerts a force equal to the weight of a mercury column ____ mm Hg high. Therefore, standard PB at sea level is expressed as height of the mercury column it supports.

760

The act of inspiring heats air to body temperature (37°C) and saturates it with water vapor (100% relative humidity [RH]).

Partial pressure of water vapor

Because the PH2O of gas in the lung is constant; under body temperature and humidity conditions, the PH2O is always _____ mm Hg

At sea level the total pressure of all gases in the lung, including water vapor, is ____ mm Hg.

760

Because water vapor accounts for 47 mm Hg of the total, the rest of the atmospheric gases account for the remaining ____ mm Hg.

713

defined as the volume of air either entering or leaving the lung each minute.

Minute ventilation (VE)

Formula for minute ventilation

VE = VT x f

If a persons tidal volume (VT ) is 500 mL and breathing frequency is 12 breaths/min, what is their minute ventilation?

VE = .500 mL x 12 breaths/min VE = 6000 mL/min or 6.0 L/min

consists of the conducting airways which run from the mouth and nose down to the terminal bronchioles

Anatomical dead space (VDanat)

Necessary to move gas to and from the alveoli. No gas exchange occurs between blood and across their walls.

Anatomical dead space (VDanat)

* Increases slightly with deep inspiration, and with drugs that increase airway diameter (bronchodilators). * Increases in diseases which cause hyperinflation

Anatomical dead space (VDanat)

related to lung size; in normal adults, _____ _____ _____ is approximately 1 mL per pound of ideal bodyweight

Anatomical dead space (VDanat)

Ideal body weight formula for males

* Males = [height (inches) – 60] x 2.3 + 50

Ideal body weight formula for females

Females = [height (inches) – 60] x 2.3 + 45.5

the volume contained in non-perfused alveoli- that is, alveoli with no blood flow.

Alveolar dead space (VDA)

The presence of ___ is abnormal, and any factor decreasing pulmonary blood flow, increase ____.

Alveolar dead space (VDA)

Signs of alveolar dead space

* Extremely low cardiac output * Pulmonary embolus

represents a decreased surface area for gas exchange and an increase in total wasted ventilation

Alveolar dead space (VDA)

* Blood clot in pulmonary arteries or arterioles. * Reduces or completely blocks pulmonary blood flow.

Pulmonary embolus

_____ _____ beyond obstruction is wasted, or dead space, ventilation

Alveolar Ventilation

Normal Ventilatory Formula

* VT = 5 to 8 mL/kg/IBW

Average Ventilatory Measure

Average VT = 500 mL

Adult Ventilatory Rate

12-20 breaths/min

Inspiratory to Expiratory (I:E) ratio

1:3

Normal, spontaneous breathing

Eupnea

I:E ratio with eupnea

1:3

An abnormal breathing pattern of progressively deeper breathing, followed by a gradual decrease in volume, followed by apnea

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

Each cycle of Cheyne-Stokes Respiration lasts between ___ to ____ seconds

30 to 120 seconds

The collateral airways of Channels of Martin, Canals of Lambert, and Pores of Kohn provide additional _____ for blocked alveoli pathways

Ventilation

The respiratory bronchioles mark the beginning of what region in the airways?

Gas-exchange zone

Abdominal muscles are the only accessory muscles of ______

Expiration

The scalenus anterior muscles are located where?

The neck (scales are on neck of lizards)

What is the normal ventilatory range for tidal volume?

5-8 mL per Kg of IBW

The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines the airways from the ____ down to the respiratory bronchioles

Trachea

Potent enzymes and oxidizing agents that kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi is part of what mechanism?

The Alveolar Clearance Mechanisms

The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium contains mucus secreting cells called ____

Goblet Cells

Anatomical dead space is related to lung size. In normal adults, anatomical dead space is approximately ____ mL per pound of ideal bodyweight

1 mL

An abnormal breathing pattern of progressively deeper breathing, followed by a gradual decrease in volume, followed by apnea

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

What does pulmonary embolus do? What effect does it have?

Reduces or completely blocks pulmonary blood flow; can stop perfusion to gas exchange surfaces (alveoli)

The accessory abdominal muscles are recruited to assist during times of increased ___ ____

Airway resistance

The mucus blanket, epithelium, blanket membrane and lamina propria are the tissue layers that make up what part of the airways?

The conducting airways

Test 1 Study Guide Flashcards

(84 cards)