Test 1 - Taxonomy Systematics and Phylogeny Flashcards

(35 cards)

1
Q

What is Taxonomy?

A

A hierarchical system of grouping and naming organisms based on shared characteristics.

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2
Q

The reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships

A

Systematics

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3
Q

What two organizational systems are used in Systematics?

A

Cladistics and Phylogenetic systematics

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4
Q

What does Taxonomy provide?

A

A common language to communicate about organisms without the confusion of common names.

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5
Q

What did Aristotle do?

A

Divided living things into animals, plants, and later, units called genera.

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6
Q

What do we call the positions in the classification system?

A

Taxonomic level or rank

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7
Q

What are the taxonomic ranks?

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species (epithet)

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8
Q

What did Carl Woese do in the 1970’s?

A

Used molecular data to organize life into 3 domains. Based on evolutionary relationships instead of traits.

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9
Q

Specific group of organisms at a taxonomic rank. (single and pl.)

A

Taxon, taxa

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10
Q

Plural of Phylum and genus

A

Phyla and genera

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11
Q

Kingdom Animalia is an example of what type of naming system?

A

Binomial nomenclature

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12
Q

What is the correct way to write binomial nomenclature?

A

Capital letter on the first name, lowercase on the next. All italicized or underlined.

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13
Q

Prokaryotic kingdoms

A

Kingdom bacteria and Kingdom Archaebacteria

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14
Q

Eukaryotic kingdoms

A

Kingdom Plantae, Fungi, Animalia and Protists

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15
Q

Used to be classified as a kingdom. What is it and what are they actually?

A
  1. Protists
  2. Supergroup of Eukaryotes
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16
Q

These are not considered living organisms

17
Q

Provides information about evolutionary relationships

18
Q

Types of Domains

A
  1. Domain Archaea
  2. Domain Bacteria
  3. Domain Eukarya
19
Q

Traits that evolve within a group

A

Derived characteristics

20
Q

Traits evolved before the group

A

Ancestral characteristics

21
Q

4 types of phenotypes

A

Morphology, physiology, behavior and DNA

22
Q

Species closely related to, but not a member of the group of study.

23
Q

What represents relationships better than phenotypes

24
Q

How are relationship diagramed?

A

With a phylogenetic tree or cladogram

25
Where the branches of a cladogram intersect.
Nodes
26
Sister groups
Connected by a node
27
What is a Clade?
Monophyletic group
28
Includes: Recent common ancestors All descendants
Monophyletic group
29
Paraphyletic group includes:
Recent common ancestor Not it’s descendants
30
Polyphyletic group (does not) include:
Most recent common ancestors
31
Shared character trait not inherited from common ancestors
Homoplasy
32
Convergent evolution
Similar traits in organisms not closely related
33
Structures that evolve through convergent evolution
Analogous structures
34
What’s an example of an analogous structure?
Wings in birds and insects
35
The simplest explanation
Parsimony