Test 1 vocab Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
human communication
A
A transaction process in which people generate meaning through the exchange of verbal and non-verbal messages in specific contexts influenced by individual and societal forces and embedded in culture
2
Q
messages
A
the building blocks of communication
3
Q
encoding
A
converting ideas into messages
4
Q
decoding
A
receiving a message and interpreting its meaning
5
Q
symbol
A
something that represents something else and conveys meaning
6
Q
content meaning
A
the concrete meaning of the message and the meanings suggested by or associated with the message as well as the emotions triggered by it
7
Q
relationship meaning
A
what a message conveys about the relationship between the parties
8
Q
setting
A
physical surroundings of a communication event
9
Q
participants
A
the people interacting during communication
10
Q
channel
A
the means through which a message is transmitted
11
Q
noise
A
any stimulus that can interfere with or degrade the quality of a message
12
Q
feedback
A
the response to a message
13
Q
linear model
A
sender encoded message-sent to receiver who decoded it then the process reversed
14
Q
synergetic model
A
transactional model of communication emphasizes how individual and societal forces contexts and culture interact to affect the communication process
15
Q
field of experience
A
the education and experiences that a communicator possesses
16
Q
culture
A
learned patterns of perceptions values and behaviors shared by a group of people
17
Q
transactional model
A
the idea that meaning is created as people communicate
18
Q
communication ethics
A
the standards of right and wrong that one applies to messages that are sent and received
19
Q
truthfulness
A
expect messages to be truthful; messages have consequences
20
Q
sharing or withholding information
A
what can be private and what can be secret
21
Q
benefit and harm of messages
A
whats the benefit and whats the harm of a message to an intended audience
22
Q
absolutism
A
the belief that there is a single correct moral standard that holds for everyone everywhere every time
23
Q
relativism
A
the belief that moral behavior varies among individuals groups and cultures across situations
24
Q
communication competence
A
the ability to adapt ones communication to achieve ones goals
25
appropriateness
following the rules norms and expectations for specific situations or relationships
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efectiveness
achieving one's goals successfully
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paradigm
belief system that represents a particular worldview
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theory
a set of statements that explains a particular phenomenon
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methods
the specific ways that scholars collect and analyze data, which they then use to support prove or disprove their theoretical claims
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social science approach
contemporary term for the behaviorist approach
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behaviorism
the focus on the study of behavior as a science
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hypothesis
a supposition or proposed explanation
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naturalistic
relating to everyday real life situations such as a classroom cafe or shopping mall
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quantitative methods
methods that convert data to numerical indicators which are then analyzed using statistics to establish relationships among the concepts
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socia penetration theory
theory that proposes relationships develop through increases in self disclosure
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demand withdrawal
interaction pattern in which one partner criticizes or tries to change the other partner who responds by becoming defensive and then disengaging either psychologically or physically
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interpretive approach
contemporary term for humanist (rhetorical study)
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rhetoric
communication that is used to influence the attitudes or behaviors of others
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humanism
a system of thought that celebrates human nature and its potential
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qualitative methods
methods in which researchers study naturally occurring communication rather than assembling data and converting it to numbers
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content analysis
approach to understanding communication that focuses on specific aspects of the content of a text or group of texts
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defensive communication
behavior that occurs when an individual perceives threat or anticipates threat from another individual
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ethnographic
relating to studies in which researchers actively engage with participants
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cultural communication
communication patterns within a specific community
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rhetorical analysis
used by researchers to examine texts or public speeches as they occur in society with the aim of interpreting extual meaning
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member-checking
obtaining feedback from respondents to help improve the accuracy of research results
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critical approach
an approach used not only to understand human behavior but to ultimately to change society also
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textual analysis
similar to rhetorical analysis used to analyze cultural products such as media and public speeches
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Identity
who a person is; composed of individual and social categories a person identifies with as well as the categories that others identify with that person
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reflected appraisals
the idea that peoples self images arise primarily from the ways that others view them and from the many messages they have received from others about who they are
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looking glass self
the idea that self image results from the images others reflect back to an individual
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particular others
important people in an individuals life whose opinions and behavior influence the various aspects of identity
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generalized other
the collection of roles rules norms beliefs and attitudes endorsed by the community in which a person lives
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self-fulfilling prophecy
when an individual expects something to occur the expectation increases the likelihood that it will as the expectation influences behavior
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stereotype threat
process in which reminding individuals of stereotypic expectations regarding important identities can impact their performance
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self concept
the understanding of ones unique characteristics as well as the similarities to and differences from others
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self esteem
part of ones self concept arises out of how one perceives and interprets reflected appraisals and social comparisons
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self respect
treating others and expecting to be treated with respect and dignity
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performance of identity
the process or means by which we show the world who we think we are
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self presentation
influencing others impressions by creating an image that is consistent with ones personal identity
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enacting identities
performing scripts deemed proper for particular identities
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role expectations
the expectation that one will perform in a particular way because of the social role occupied
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racial identity
identification with a particular racial group
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multiracial identity
self identifies as having more than one racial identity
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national identity
persons citizenship
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ethnic identity
identification with a particular group with which one shares some or all: national or tribal affiliation, religious beliefs, language, and or cultural and traditional origins and background
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gender identity
how and to what extent one identifies with the social construction of masculinity and femininity
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cisgender
someone whose gender identity matches their biological sex
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sexual identity
which of the various categories of sexual identity one identifies with
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gender fluid
someone whose gender identity is not fixed but is dynamic and changes in different contexts and different times
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age identity
a combo of self perception of age along with what others understand that age to mean
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social class identity
an informal ranking of people in a culture based on income occupation education dwelling child rearing habits and other factors
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disability identity
identification with physical or mental impairment that substantially impact every day life
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religious identity
aspect of identity defined by ones spiritual beliefs
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perception
a sense making procedure in which we attempt to understand our environment so we can respond to it appropriately
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selection
the process of choosing which sensory information to focus on
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organization
the process by which one recognizes what sensory input represents
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interpretation
the act of assigning meaning to sensory information
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selective attention
consciously or unconsciously attending to just a narrow range of the full array of sensory information available
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primacy effect
the tendency to form a judgment or opinion based on the first information received
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recency effect
the tendency to form a judgment or opinion on the most recent information received
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cognitive representation
the ability to form mental models of the world
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schemas
cognitive structures that help us organize information
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prototype
a representative or idealized version of a concept
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script
relatively fixed sequence of events that functions as a guide or template for communication or behavior
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categorization
cognitive process used to organize information by placing it into large groupings of information
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label
name assigned to a category based on ones perception of the category
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stereotyping
creating schemas that overgeneralize attributes of a specific group
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frame
assumptions and attitudes that we use to filter perceptions to create meaning
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attribution theory
explanation of the processes we use to judge our own and others behavior
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attributional bias
cognitive bias that refers to the systematic errors made when people evaluate or try to find reasons for their own and others behaviors
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self serving bias
tendency to give ones self more credit than is due when good things happen and to accept too little responsibility for those things that go wrong
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fundamental attribution error
the tendency to attribute others negative behavior to internal causes and their positive behaviors to external causes
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overattribution
selecting an individuals most obvious characteristic and using it to explain almost anything that person does
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constructs
categories people develop to help them organize information
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cognitive complexity
the degree to which a persons constructs are detailed involved or numerous
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ethnocentrism
the tendency to view ones own group as the standard against which all other groups are judged
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prejudice
experiencing aversive or negative feelings toward a group as a whole or toward an individual because she or he belongs to a group
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ego defensive function
the role prejudice plays in protecting individuals sense of self worth
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value expressive function
the role played by prejudice in allowing people to view their own values norms and cultural practices as appropriate and correct
101
cohort effect
process by which historical events influence the perceptions of people who grew up in a given generation and time period
102
social role
specific position or positions one holds in a society
