Test 11 Flashcards
(260 cards)
1
Q
Which components control the bias on Q1 and Q2?
A
R1 and R2
Biasing in transistor circuits is essential for proper operation.
2
Q
What effect does increasing R3 have on the circuit?
A
It affects the timing characteristics of the circuit
R3 is typically a resistor that influences the charge and discharge times in timing circuits.
3
Q
What effect does increasing C2 have on the circuit?
A
It increases the time constant of the circuit
C2 is a capacitor that plays a crucial role in timing applications.
4
Q
A common name for a monostable multi-vibrator is _______.
A
one-shot
A monostable multivibrator generates a single output pulse in response to an input trigger.
5
Q
What is the stable state of a monostable multi-vibrator?
A
The output remains in a low state until triggered
In its stable state, the output does not change unless an input signal is received.
6
Q
What category of multivibrator is a monostable multi-vibrator?
A
It is a type of single-stable multivibrator
Monostable multivibrators have one stable state and respond to input triggers.
7
Q
If an astable multi-vibrator is synchronized, what must be the relationship between the sync pulse and the normal operating frequency?
A
The sync pulse must match the operating frequency
Synchronization ensures stable operation and prevents drift in timing circuits.
8
Q
What is a Half-Subtractor?
A
A circuit that performs subtraction of two binary digits and provides the difference and borrow output
A Half-Subtractor has two inputs and two outputs: the difference and borrow.
9
Q
What are the inputs of a Half-Subtractor?
A
Two binary digits
Typically labeled as D and D-.
10
Q
What outputs does a Half-Subtractor produce?
A
Difference and borrow
The difference indicates the result of the subtraction, while the borrow indicates if a subtraction operation requires borrowing.
11
Q
What is a Full-Subtractor?
A
A circuit that performs subtraction of three binary digits and provides the difference and borrow output
A Full-Subtractor can account for a borrow from a previous digit.
12
Q
What are the inputs of a Full-Subtractor?
A
Three binary digits
The inputs typically include two binary digits to be subtracted and one borrow input from a previous stage.
13
Q
What outputs does a Full-Subtractor produce?
A
Difference and borrow
Similar to a Half-Subtractor, but it also considers the borrow input.
14
Q
True or False: A Half-Subtractor can handle a borrow input.
A
False
A Half-Subtractor does not take a borrow input into account.
15
Q
Fill in the blank: A Full-Subtractor can handle _______ inputs.
A
three binary
This includes the two binary digits to subtract and an additional borrow input.
16
Q
What are the inputs to gate 3 when A = 1 and B = 0?
A
A = 1, B = 0
17
Q
What is the output of the circuit when A = 1 and B = 1?
A
Output is determined by the circuit logic
18
Q
What is the output of gate 2 when A = 0 and B = 1?
A
Output is determined by the circuit logic
19
Q
What is the output of the circuit when A = 0 and B = 1?
A
Output is determined by the circuit logic
20
Q
What is the output of the circuit when A = 1 and B = 0?
A
Output is determined by the circuit logic
21
Q
What is the formula for the difference in binary subtractors?
A
Difference = AB + AB
22
Q
What is the formula for borrow in binary subtractors?
A
Borrow = AB
23
Q
What is the output of gate 5 when A = 1, Bin = 0, and B = 0?
A
Output of gate 5 when A = 1, Bin = 0, and B = 0 is unknown.
This requires knowledge of the specific logic function of gate 5.
24
Q
What is the input to gate 3 when A = 1, Bin = 1, and B = 0?
A
Input to gate 3 when A = 1, Bin = 1, and B = 0 is unknown.
This requires knowledge of how inputs are assigned to gate 3.
25
What is the output of this circuit when A = 1, Bin = 1, and B = 1?
Output of the circuit when A = 1, Bin = 1, and B = 1 is unknown.
## Footnote
This depends on the specific configuration and logic of the circuit.
26
What is the output of gate 4 when A = 1, Bin = 0, and B = 0?
Output of gate 4 when A = 1, Bin = 0, and B = 0 is unknown.
## Footnote
This requires knowledge of the specific logic function of gate 4.
27
What is the output of this circuit when A = 0, Bin = 0, and B = 1?
Output of the circuit when A = 0, Bin = 0, and B = 1 is unknown.
## Footnote
This depends on the specific configuration and logic of the circuit.
28
What is the primary purpose of the Information Sheet?
To provide helpful information that enhances the guided instruction of this lesson section on Binary Multiplication.
29
What does the acronym NAVEDTRA stand for?
Naval Education and Training Command.
30
What is the base of the decimal number system?
10.
31
What is a binary number system?
A number system with a base of 2, containing two digits.
32
What is a bit?
An abbreviated form of digit in the binary number system.
33
How many bits does the binary number 10110 have?
5 bits.
34
What is the basic symbol used in the decimal number system?
Digits 0 through 9.
35
What is the idea behind repetitive addition in multiplication?
It helps explain multiplication as repeated addition.
36
Fill in the blank: You could perform the problem 6 x 3 by adding _______.
6 + 6 + 6 or 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3.
37
What is the Partial Product Method?
The most common method used for multiplication.
38
How is multiplication of 4 x 4 explained through repetitive addition?
As four of the number 4, or 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 16.
39
True or False: The decimal system uses only two digits.
False.
40
What is the significance of the number of digits in a number system?
It defines the base of the system.
41
What is the total number of digits in the decimal system?
10.
42
What is the implication of saying a binary number has 'n' bits?
It indicates the number of binary digits in that number.
43
What is the first step to solve the problem (54) (12)?
Multiply the multiplicand by 1.
## Footnote
This results in the second partial product.
44
What is the binary number system based on?
Base 2, using only digits 0 and 1.
## Footnote
Indicated by subscript 2.
45
What are the first and second partial products of (54) (12)?
The first is obtained by multiplying the multiplicand by 1, and the second by multiplying the multiplicand by 2.
## Footnote
Results in adding the products for a final answer.
46
What is a binary number with 4 bits known as?
A 4-bit binary number.
## Footnote
Binary numbers range from 0000 to 1111.
47
What is the decimal equivalent of a binary number with all 1s?
The formula is decimal = 2^n - 1, where n is the number of bits.
## Footnote
For example, for 4 bits, decimal = 2^4 - 1 = 15.
48
Fill in the blank: In the decimal-binary equivalence, decimal = _______.
2^n - 1
49
How are binary numbers visualized in comparison to decimal numbers?
Binary number comparisons are a quick means to visualize how decimal and binary numbers compare to each other.
## Footnote
This includes comparing values like 0-15 in binary to their decimal equivalents.
50
True or False: The decimal system uses only digits 0 and 1.
False.
## Footnote
The decimal system uses digits 0 through 9.
51
What are the binary representations for decimal numbers from 0 to 15?
0000 to 1111.
## Footnote
Each binary number corresponds to its decimal equivalent.
52
What is depicted in Figure 1?
The difference between decimal and binary numbers.
53
What is the result of decimal 28-1?
256 - 1 = 255
## Footnote
This calculation shows the conversion from decimal to binary by subtracting 1 from a power of two.
54
What is the result of binary multiplication (0)(0)?
(0)
## Footnote
In binary multiplication, any number multiplied by zero results in zero.
55
What is the result of binary multiplication (0)(1)?
(0)
## Footnote
In binary multiplication, zero multiplied by one also results in zero.
56
What is the result of binary multiplication (1)(0)?
(0)
## Footnote
Similar to the previous rules, one multiplied by zero results in zero.
57
What is the result of binary multiplication (1)(1)?
(1)
## Footnote
In binary multiplication, one multiplied by one results in one.
58
What is the binary representation of the decimal number 1?
0001
## Footnote
Binary representation uses only 0s and 1s to express values.
59
What is the binary representation of the decimal number 2?
0010
## Footnote
Each binary digit represents a power of 2.
60
What is the binary representation of the decimal number 3?
0011
## Footnote
The binary system is base-2, which differs from the decimal system.
61
What is the binary representation of the decimal number 4?
0100
## Footnote
In binary, each digit's position represents a power of 2.
62
What is the binary representation of the decimal number 5?
0101
## Footnote
Binary numbers can be compared based on their digit positions.
63
What is the binary representation of the decimal number 6?
0110
## Footnote
The binary system is essential in computing and digital electronics.
64
What is the binary representation of the decimal number 7?
0111
## Footnote
Each additional binary digit doubles the maximum representable value.
65
What is the binary representation of the decimal number 8?
1000
## Footnote
The leftmost digit in binary indicates the highest power of 2.
66
What is the binary representation of the decimal number 9?
1001
## Footnote
Binary counting is similar to decimal but uses only two symbols.
67
What is the binary representation of the decimal number 10?
1010
## Footnote
The binary system is foundational for modern computing.
68
What is the binary representation of the decimal number 11?
1011
## Footnote
Each binary digit can be thought of as a switch that is either off (0) or on (1).
69
What is the binary representation of the decimal number 12?
1100
## Footnote
Binary numbers are often used in programming and data representation.
70
What is the binary representation of the decimal number 13?
1101
## Footnote
Understanding binary is crucial for software development and hardware design.
71
What is the binary representation of the decimal number 14?
1110
## Footnote
Binary arithmetic is fundamental in computer algorithms.
72
What is the binary representation of the decimal number 15?
1111
## Footnote
The maximum value for a 4-digit binary number is 15 in decimal.
73
What are the four rules for binary multiplication?
1. 0 x 0 = 0
2. 0 x 1 = 0
3. 1 x 0 = 0
4. 1 x 1 = 1
## Footnote
These rules are fundamental for understanding binary arithmetic.
74
What is the binary equivalent of the decimal integer 7?
111
## Footnote
7 in binary is calculated as 4 + 2 + 1.
75
What is the binary equivalent of the decimal integer 8?
1000
## Footnote
8 in binary is represented as 2^3.
76
What is the binary equivalent of 7 x 8?
111000
## Footnote
The product of 7 and 8 is 56, which is 111000 in binary.
77
What is the purpose of the Information Sheet?
To provide helpful information that enhances the guided instruction of the lesson section on Binary Division.
78
What is the first method of Binary Division mentioned?
Longhand - Division can be done in the same manner as traditional division.
79
What is the second method of Binary Division?
Repetitive Subtraction - The quotient is equal to the number of times a number is subtracted.
80
What does the Right Shift method involve?
Each time a number is shifted one place, it is reduced by a power of 2, or divided by 2.
81
Fill in the blank: The quotient in Repetitive Subtraction is equal to the number of times a number is _______.
subtracted.
82
True or False: Longhand division in binary is performed differently than traditional division.
False.
83
What is the repetitive-subtraction method?
A method involving multiple subtractions to achieve a desired result.
## Footnote
This method can be visualized in a structured way, often involving a series of steps to arrive at a final value.
84
What is the purpose of the right-shift operation?
To shift values one place to the right in a given context.
## Footnote
This operation is often used in various computational and mathematical processes.
85
Fill in the blank: The first subtraction in the repetitive-subtraction method is _______.
1100
86
Fill in the blank: The second subtraction in the repetitive-subtraction method is _______.
1210
87
Fill in the blank: The third subtraction in the repetitive-subtraction method is _______.
15
88
True or False: The right-shift operation involves moving values to the left.
False
89
What does the right-shift operation do to the value?
It shifts the value one place to the right.
## Footnote
This operation can alter the value significantly depending on the context in which it is applied.
90
What is the repetitive-subtraction method?
A method involving multiple subtractions to achieve a desired result.
## Footnote
This method can be visualized in a structured way, often involving a series of steps to arrive at a final value.
91
What is the purpose of the right-shift operation?
To shift values one place to the right in a given context.
## Footnote
This operation is often used in various computational and mathematical processes.
92
Fill in the blank: The first subtraction in the repetitive-subtraction method is _______.
1100
93
Fill in the blank: The second subtraction in the repetitive-subtraction method is _______.
1210
94
Fill in the blank: The third subtraction in the repetitive-subtraction method is _______.
15
95
True or False: The right-shift operation involves moving values to the left.
False
96
What does the right-shift operation do to the value?
It shifts the value one place to the right.
## Footnote
This operation can alter the value significantly depending on the context in which it is applied.
97
What is the purpose of the Assignment Sheet?
To check comprehension and enhance knowledge of the material covered in this section
## Footnote
This section is part of a trainee guide aimed at reinforcing learning.
98
What is the first study question listed?
Read (U) Digital Principles and Applications, Malvino
## Footnote
This refers to a specific educational resource for trainees.
99
How is division described in the context of this guide?
Division is essentially repetitive
## Footnote
This indicates that the process of division involves repeated subtraction.
100
Fill in the blank: Divide 326 by _______.
14
101
Fill in the blank: Divide 11101 by _______.
10
102
What is the main purpose of the Information Sheet?
To provide helpful information that enhances the guided instruction of the lesson section on Encoders and Decoders.
103
What must be done to quantities in nature for computer use?
Quantities must be converted into digital form.
104
Define an Encoder.
A device that converts analog input into digital output.
105
Define a Decoder.
A matrix network in which digital inputs produce analog output.
106
What is the output type of an Encoder?
Digital Output.
107
What type of input does a Decoder use?
Digital Inputs.
108
Fill in the blank: An Encoder converts __________ into digital form.
[analog input]
109
Fill in the blank: A Decoder produces __________ output.
[analog]
110
True or False: Encoders and Decoders are used to convert quantities for computer processing.
True
111
What are the two main components discussed in the lesson section?
* Encoder
* Decoder
112
What is the smallest change in the analog output called?
Resolution
## Footnote
Resolution indicates the minimum change detectable in the output signal.
113
What does accuracy compare in a DAC?
Output level
## Footnote
Accuracy measures how closely the output of the DAC matches the intended value.
114
What is the term for the time it takes a DAC to settle within the final value?
Settling time
## Footnote
Settling time affects the response speed of the DAC to input changes.
115
True or False: The settling time determines the rate at which a DAC can respond to changes in digital input.
True
## Footnote
A shorter settling time allows for quicker adjustments to the output signal.
116
Fill in the blank: The result of a change in digital input primarily determines the number of _______.
Bits (LSB's)
## Footnote
LSB stands for Least Significant Bit, which is crucial for defining the digital signal's resolution.
117
What type of signal does a DAC output?
Analog
## Footnote
A Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) converts digital signals into analog signals.
118
What is the primary function of a decoder in the context of digital input?
To translate digital signals into analog output
## Footnote
Decoders play a key role in converting binary data into a format usable by DACs.
119
What is assigned to each bit of a binary quantity?
A weight depending on its position
120
In the context of binary quantities, what does the term 'weight' refer to?
The value assigned to each bit based on its position
121
Fill in the blank: Each bit of a binary quantity is assigned a _______ depending on its position.
[weight]
122
True or False: The weight of a binary bit is constant regardless of its position.
False
123
What is an encoder?
A device that converts information from one format to another.
124
What is a decoder?
A device that converts encoded data back into its original format.
125
Define the term resolution.
The degree of detail visible in an image or display.
126
Define the term accuracy.
The degree to which a measurement or calculation reflects the true value.
127
Define the term settling time.
The time it takes for a system to stabilize after a change in input.
128
What is the purpose of the Information Sheet?
To provide helpful information that enhances the guided instruction of the lesson section on Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs)
## Footnote
This sheet serves as a training resource.
129
What are the references listed for the lesson on DACs?
* Digital Fundamentals, 2nd Edition, Floyd
* Digital Principles and Applications, Malvino
130
What is a Binary-weighted DAC?
A type of DAC where each digit of a binary number has a specific weight
## Footnote
This type of DAC operates based on the binary values applied.
131
What is the operation characteristic of a Binary-weighted DAC?
The input circuit consists of a resistor network that produces current flow proportional to the binary weights
## Footnote
The resistor values are crucial for correct voltage output.
132
What do the input bits do in a Binary-weighted DAC?
They are applied through the feedback resistor
## Footnote
This influences the output voltage based on the input code.
133
How is the output voltage determined in a Binary-weighted DAC?
By the current signal increasing the output voltage
## Footnote
The output voltage is calculated considering the resistor network.
134
What is the output range of the DAC for input code 0000 to 1111?
From 0 VDC for input code 0000 to -4.6875 VDC for input code 1111
## Footnote
The negative output is due to the inverting terminal of the op amp.
135
True or False: The output of a Binary-weighted DAC is a continuous waveform.
False
## Footnote
The output is a stair-step waveform.
136
Fill in the blank: The output voltage of a Binary-weighted DAC increases by _______ per signal change.
-0.3 125 VDC
137
What is a disadvantage of a binary-weighted DAC?
The number of different resistors required
## Footnote
An 8-bit DAC requires 128 resistors if R=10 kΩ, resulting in a total of 1.28 MΩ.
138
What is the value of R in an 8-bit DAC if R=10 kΩ?
1.28 MΩ
## Footnote
This is calculated as 128R, where R is 10 kΩ.
139
What does LSB stand for in binary inputs?
Least Significant Bit
## Footnote
In binary systems, the LSB represents the lowest bit in the binary number.
140
What is the value of the LSB in the given binary weight?
80 kΩ
141
What value corresponds to D0 in binary inputs?
40 kΩ
142
What is the R-2R ladder DAC constructed from?
Precision resistors ranging from a value of R to a value of 2R
## Footnote
This configuration helps to overcome the disadvantages of a binary-weighted DAC.
143
How does the operation of the R-2R ladder DAC compare to that of the binary-weighted DAC?
Operation is similar
## Footnote
Both DAC types convert digital signals into analog signals, but the resistor configurations differ.
144
What are the two values that the R-2R ladder DAC uses?
R and 2R
145
True or False: The R-2R ladder DAC has the same disadvantages as the binary-weighted DAC.
False
146
Fill in the blank: An 8-bit DAC requires a total of ______ resistors.
128
147
What is the primary function of a Digital Weight?
To convert digital signals into analog voltages
## Footnote
Digital Weight is often used in digital-to-analog converters (DACs) for signal processing.
148
What does 'R-2R' refer to in the context of the DAC?
A type of resistor ladder network used in digital-to-analog conversion
## Footnote
The R-2R ladder is a simple and effective way to create a DAC using only two resistor values.
149
In the R-2R Ladder DAC, what does 'MSB' stand for?
Most Significant Bit
## Footnote
The MSB represents the highest value bit in a binary number, influencing the output voltage the most.
150
Fill in the blank: In a digital circuit, the output voltage, VOut, is determined by the _______.
Digital input levels
151
What voltage does the terminal 'A' output in the provided schematic?
2.5 V
## Footnote
This is a reference voltage commonly used in DAC applications.
152
True or False: R3 and R4 in the schematic are configured as resistors of equal value.
True
153
What is the significance of 'D1', 'D2', and 'D3' in the R-2R Ladder DAC?
They represent digital inputs that control the switching of the DAC
## Footnote
Each digital input corresponds to a binary value that affects the output voltage.
154
What does 'R9' represent in the schematic?
A resistor in the R-2R ladder configuration
## Footnote
Resistors are critical for defining the output voltage levels in the DAC.
155
Fill in the blank: The output voltage is affected by the combination of the _______ inputs in the DAC.
Digital
156
What does the '0V' notation indicate in the schematic?
Ground reference point in the circuit
## Footnote
It serves as the baseline for measuring other voltages in the circuit.
157
What is the purpose of the Assignment Sheet?
To check comprehension and enhance knowledge of the material covered
158
What is the title of the referenced textbook for this assignment?
(U) Digital Fundamentals, 2nd Edition, Floyd
159
What is the second textbook recommended for reading?
(U) Digital Principles and Applications, Malvino
160
Describe the term _______ as it applies to a binary-weighted DAC.
weighted
161
What is the advantage of the _______ over the binary-weighted DAC?
R-2R ladder DAC
162
Explain the basic operation of the _______.
R-2R ladder DAC
163
What is the purpose of the Information Sheet?
To provide helpful information that enhances the guided instruction of this lesson section on Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)
## Footnote
This document serves as a training aid for learners focusing on ADCs.
164
What is another name for a Simultaneous ADC?
Encoder
## Footnote
Simultaneous ADCs are often referred to as encoders due to their function in converting analog signals to digital form.
165
What are the two references listed in the Information Sheet?
* Digital Fundamentals, 2nd Edition, Floyd
* Digital Principles and Applications, Malvino
## Footnote
These references provide foundational information on digital electronics and principles.
166
What is the significance of the term 'Analog Input' in ADCs?
It refers to the continuous signal that is converted into a digital format
## Footnote
Analog inputs are crucial for the operation of ADCs as they represent real-world signals.
167
What does 'V Ref' stand for in the context of ADCs?
Reference Voltage
## Footnote
V Ref is used to set the scale for the ADC's conversion process.
168
Fill in the blank: Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) convert _______ signals into digital signals.
analog
## Footnote
This conversion is essential for processing real-world signals in digital systems.
169
What is the function of the Clock in an ADC?
To synchronize the conversion process
## Footnote
The clock ensures that the sampling of the analog signal occurs at precise intervals.
170
True or False: The output of a Simultaneous ADC is in binary format.
True
## Footnote
The output of ADCs is typically represented in binary to facilitate digital processing.
171
What are the output components of a Simultaneous ADC depicted in the diagram?
* D2
* D1
## Footnote
These components represent the digital outputs corresponding to the analog inputs.
172
What determines the number of required output bits in an ADC?
The amount of output bits desired determines the number of comparators required.
173
How many comparators are required for a 3-bit converter?
A 3-bit converter requires 7 comparators.
174
What is applied to all comparators in an ADC?
The analog input is applied to all comparators.
175
What happens if the analog signal is greater than the reference voltage?
The output of that comparator will be a high output.
176
What happens if the reference voltage is greater than the analog signal?
The output will be a low output.
177
Where are the outputs of the comparators sent?
The outputs of the comparators are sent to an encoder.
178
What does the encoder do in an ADC?
The encoder is sampled, and a n-bit binary code appears at the output.
179
What advantage does a Stairstep Ramp ADC have?
Its speed.
180
What is a disadvantage of the Stairstep Ramp ADC?
The number of comparators required.
181
What determines how accurately the digital code represents the analog input in an ADC?
The sampling rate.
182
Fill in the blank: The higher the ________, the more accurate the conversion.
sampling rate
183
True or False: The Stairstep Ramp ADC is the fastest of all types.
True
184
What is another name for an Analog Input?
Characteristics
## Footnote
Also called 'Analog Signal'
185
What components are used in the DAC method?
* Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)
* Binary Counter
186
What happens to the counter when the DAC output is disabled?
The counter stops
## Footnote
This occurs when the clock is disabled
187
How does the comparator determine if the analog input is greater than the reference voltage?
It produces a high signal
## Footnote
This indicates the analog signal surpasses the reference voltage
188
What is the function of the clock pulse in the operation of the counter?
Advances the counter
189
What occurs when the reference voltage from the DAC matches the analog input voltage level?
The output of the comparator goes high
190
What does the state of the counter indicate in the context of the DAC method?
The number of steps of the reference voltage for the comparison
191
Fill in the blank: The counter is initially _______ before the DAC begins operation.
cleared
192
What type of signal is developed from the input in the DAC method?
Digital signal
193
True or False: The DAC method uses an analog input to produce a digital output.
True
194
What is the role of the control circuit in the DAC method?
Enabled by the high signal from the comparator
195
What does the binary number from the counter represent?
The input
196
What happens to the reference voltage during the operation of the DAC method?
It is stepped up
197
What is the output of the DAC initially when the counter is cleared?
Undefined or zero
198
In the DAC method, what is compared with the analog signal?
Output of the DAC
199
What does the latch do in the binary number process?
Latches the binary number in the register and clears the counter
200
What is the purpose of resetting the reference voltage?
To repeat the process
201
Is the Successive Approximation ADC method faster or slower than the simultaneous method?
Slower
202
What advantage does the Successive Approximation ADC provide?
Higher resolution
203
What are the components of the Successive Approximation ADC?
* Comparator
* SAR (Successive Approximation Register)
* Ring counter
* Register
* DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter)
204
What is the initial state of the SAR in the Successive Approximation ADC?
Initially reset
205
What happens after the MSB is set in the SAR?
The DAC converts the MSB to a voltage level
206
What does the comparator do in the Successive Approximation ADC?
Compares the analog signal to the DAC output voltage
207
Fill in the blank: If the comparator output is _______ than the input, the bit in the SAR is reset.
greater
208
What is the function of the ring counter in the Successive Approximation ADC?
To enable the next MSB
209
What does SAR stand for in the context of this document?
Successive Approximation Register
## Footnote
The SAR is a key component in the analog-to-digital conversion process.
210
What is the output of the DAC when the MSB of the SAR is set?
+8 VDC
## Footnote
This is the maximum value for a 3-bit DAC with a reference of +8 VDC.
211
What happens when the DAC output exceeds the analog signal?
The comparator outputs a low, resetting the bit
## Footnote
This is part of the feedback mechanism to refine the conversion process.
212
What is the output of the DAC when the next MSB is set after the initial MSB?
+4 VDC
## Footnote
This value is used to compare with the analog input to determine if the bit should be retained.
213
What is the result when the analog signal is greater than the DAC output during the conversion process?
The comparator produces a high output
## Footnote
This indicates that the bit in the SAR's register should be set.
214
What is the output of the DAC after retaining the first two bits and setting the LSB?
+7 VDC
## Footnote
This output is checked against the analog input to finalize the conversion.
215
What is the final output of the SAR after conversion?
01 102
## Footnote
This binary representation corresponds to the digital value of the analog input.
216
What is one advantage of the method described for conversion?
Shorter conversion time than any other method
## Footnote
This efficiency is crucial for applications requiring rapid data processing.
217
What does the conversion rate allow in relation to microcomputers?
Synchronous operation
## Footnote
This means the conversion process can be timed with the operations of the microcomputer.
218
Fill in the blank: The bits retained in the register of the SAR represent the _______.
analog input
219
True or False: The LSB is set last in the conversion process.
True
## Footnote
The LSB is the final bit to be considered for setting in the conversion.
220
What is the disadvantage of the simultaneous ADC?
The disadvantage of the simultaneous ADC is not specified in the text.
## Footnote
Simultaneous ADCs can be expensive and complex due to the need for multiple comparators.
221
How can an ADC's conversion be made more accurate?
An ADC's conversion can be made more accurate through methods not detailed in the text.
## Footnote
Methods include increasing the resolution and using calibration techniques.
222
Explain the operation of the stairstep ramp ADC.
The operation of the stairstep ramp ADC is not described in the text.
## Footnote
A stairstep ramp ADC generates a staircase-like output as it compares the input voltage to reference voltages.
223
What is the advantage of a stairstep ramp ADC over a simultaneous ADC?
The advantage of a stairstep ramp ADC over a simultaneous ADC is not provided in the text.
## Footnote
Stairstep ramp ADCs can be simpler and less costly to implement.
224
Explain the operation of the successive approximation ADC.
The operation of the successive approximation ADC is not explained in the text.
## Footnote
A successive approximation ADC uses a binary search algorithm to converge on the input voltage.
225
What is a successive approximation ADC?
A type of analog-to-digital converter that converts a continuous signal into a digital signal by approximating its value step by step.
## Footnote
Successive approximation ADCs use a binary search algorithm to find the digital value that corresponds to the analog input.
226
What are the advantages of the successive approximation ADC?
* High speed
* Good accuracy
* Lower cost compared to other ADC types
* Less complex circuitry compared to flash ADCs
* Suitable for medium-resolution applications
## Footnote
These advantages make successive approximation ADCs popular in various applications including data acquisition and embedded systems.
227
What are the main components of a microprocessor?
Keyboard, CPU, Mouse, Memory Unit, Input ports, Output ports, Address Bus, Data Bus, Control Bus
## Footnote
These components work together to process data and manage computer operations.
228
What types of memory are included in the Memory Unit?
RAM, ROM, hard disk
## Footnote
RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile memory, while ROM (Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile.
229
Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for executing instructions and processing data in a computer.
CPU
230
What is the function of the Address Bus?
Transmits addresses from the CPU to other components
## Footnote
It is essential for locating data in memory.
231
What does the Data Bus do?
Transfers actual data between the CPU and other components
## Footnote
The Data Bus allows communication of information within the computer.
232
What is the role of the Control Bus?
Carries control signals from the CPU to other components
## Footnote
It helps manage the operations of the computer.
233
True or False: The Monitor is an input device.
False
## Footnote
The Monitor is an output device that displays information.
234
What are the types of ports mentioned?
Input ports, Output ports
## Footnote
These ports facilitate the connection of external devices to the computer.
235
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a device that allows users to interact with the computer.
Mouse
236
What is the purpose of a Printer in a computer system?
Outputs hard copies of digital documents
## Footnote
Printers convert digital information into a physical format.
237
What are the 3 main parts of the CPU?
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Register, Control Unit
238
What does ALU stand for?
Arithmetic Logic Unit
239
What is the function of the Control Unit in the CPU?
Manages and coordinates the activities of the CPU
240
Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
241
True or False: The Register is a permanent storage area in the CPU.
False
242
What is the role of Registers in the CPU?
Temporary storage for data and instructions during processing
243
What are the 3 main parts of the CPU?
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Register, Control Unit
244
What does ALU stand for?
Arithmetic Logic Unit
245
What is the function of the Control Unit in the CPU?
Manages and coordinates the activities of the CPU
246
Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
247
True or False: The Register is a permanent storage area in the CPU.
False
248
What is the role of Registers in the CPU?
Temporary storage for data and instructions during processing
249
What is the purpose of a computer?
To process data
## Footnote
This highlights the fundamental function of computers in various applications.
250
What is a list of instructions used by the Microprocessor called?
Program
## Footnote
Programs are essential for guiding the operations of a microprocessor.
251
What is a physical interface on a computer through which data is passed to and from peripherals?
Bus
## Footnote
Buses are critical for communication between the computer's components and external devices.
252
How many major buses does the Microprocessor contain to connect to external circuitry?
3
## Footnote
The three major buses typically include the data bus, address bus, and control bus.
253
What is the one-way group of conductors from the microprocessor to memory called?
bus
## Footnote
The bus is responsible for transferring data between the microprocessor and memory.
254
An address has two parts: what are they?
The two parts of an address are not specified in the text
## Footnote
Typically, these parts can be the base address and the offset.
255
How much memory can a computer with 32 address lines address?
4 GB
## Footnote
This is calculated as 2^32 bytes.
256
What are the three most basic units that are common to all microprocessors?
The specific units are not listed in the text
## Footnote
Common units include the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit (CU), and registers.
257
An example of a low-level language is:
Assembly language
## Footnote
Low-level languages are closer to machine code.
258
An example of a high-level language is:
Python
## Footnote
High-level languages are more abstract and easier for humans to understand.
259
If the computer loses data when power is removed, the memory is called _______.
volatile memory
## Footnote
Volatile memory does not retain information without power.
260
What is the device in a computer that is used to interrupt the processor based on the priority of the service request called?
interrupt controller
## Footnote
The interrupt controller manages the requests for processor attention.
