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Question 1

What is one way marketisation policies have changed the operation of schools?

Answer 1

Schools are run like businesses, competing for customers (students)

This involves adopting business-like practices to attract and retain students.

Question 2

What is another effect of marketisation policies on schools?

Answer 2

Schools provide unique products (educational offerings) to differentiate themselves

This can include specialized programs or curricula to appeal to specific student needs.

Question 4

What are two types of pupil behaviour in schools?

Answer 4

Conforming to school rules and breaking school rules

Conforming includes wearing the correct uniform and completing tasks set.

Question 5

What influences pupil behaviour according to sociologists?

Answer 5

Interactions between teachers and pupils, and between peers

Sociologists research patterns of pupil behaviour, especially disruptive behaviour.

Question 6

What is one method for studying pupil behaviour in schools?

Answer 6

Non-participant observation

This method allows observation of behaviour both inside and outside classrooms.

Question 7

What is an advantage of non-participant observation?

Answer 7

Allows behaviour categories to be decided before observation begins

This structure aids in systematic analysis.

Question 8

What is a limitation of non-participant observation?

Answer 8

Behaviour may not be classified in the same way by different researchers

This can lead to inconsistencies in findings.

Question 9

Fill in the blank: Some sociologists claim that the _______ taught in schools today prioritises some cultures over others.

Answer 9

curriculum

Question 10

How may teacher expectations affect minority ethnic groups?

Answer 10

Based on stereotypes

This can lead to biased educational experiences.

Question 11

Outline two problems of using primary qualitative methods in sociological research.

Answer 11

Subjectivity in data interpretation and difficulty in generalizing findings

These issues can affect the reliability and validity of research.

Question 12

Outline two ways in which globalisation may influence educational policies in the UK.

Answer 12

Adoption of international educational standards and increased emphasis on multicultural education

Globalisation prompts educational reforms to meet global expectations.

Question 13

Outline three reasons why some working-class boys join anti-school subcultures.

Answer 13

• Rejection of school values
• Desire for peer acceptance
• Response to perceived marginalization

These factors contribute to a sense of belonging outside the traditional school environment.

Question 14

What is one effect of teaching and learning in schools on minority ethnic groups?

Answer 14

Affects their educational experiences

This can result in disparities in academic achievement.

Question 15

What do some sociologists, such as functionalists, claim about the education system?

Answer 15

They claim that the education system is based on meritocratic principles and provides all pupils with the opportunity to succeed.

Question 16

How are pupils assessed in the education system according to functionalists?

Answer 16

Pupils are objectively assessed through the examination process.

Question 17

What is the opposing view held by other sociologists regarding meritocracy?

Answer 17

They claim that meritocracy is a myth and that the education system reproduces existing social inequalities in each generation.

Question 18

What is the task given in the evaluation question?

Answer 18

Evaluate the view that the education system is meritocratic.

Question 19

How many marks is the evaluation question worth?

Answer 19

30 marks.

Question 20

What is the main focus of sociologists regarding educational achievement?

Answer 20

To identify patterns of differential achievement and the reasons for these patterns

Sociologists analyze differences in academic progress among various groups of pupils.

Question 21

What factors influence academic progress in schools?

Answer 21

A range of factors, both external and internal to schools

These factors can include socio-economic status, teaching quality, and school resources.

Question 22

What type of data do schools collect to study academic progress?

Answer 22

Quantitative and qualitative secondary data

Examples include exam statistics and progress reports.

Question 23

What is a practical advantage of using secondary data in educational research?

Answer 23

It is often available in the public domain

This accessibility allows researchers to analyze data without the need for primary data collection.

Question 24

What is a limitation of using secondary data for investigating pupil progress?

Answer 24

Access to some secondary data may be restricted and data may be presented in a selective way

This can lead to incomplete or biased conclusions.

Question 25

Fill in the blank: Sociologists study differences in educational achievement to identify patterns of _______.

Answer 25

[differential achievement]

Question 26

True or False: All secondary data is freely accessible to researchers.

Answer 26

False ## Footnote Some secondary data may have restrictions on access.

Question 27

What are two examples of quantitative secondary data collected by schools?

Answer 27

* Exam statistics * Attendance records ## Footnote These data types help measure academic performance.

Question 28

What are two examples of qualitative secondary data collected by schools?

Answer 28

* Progress reports * Pupils’ work ## Footnote These data types provide insights into student learning and development.

Question 29

What is the positivist view in sociology?

Answer 29

The positivist view suggests that sociology can be studied scientifically using empirical methods.

Question 30

What is one argument against the positivist view that sociology can be scientific?

Answer 30

One argument is that human behavior is too complex and subjective to be measured scientifically.

Question 31

What is a second argument against the positivist view that sociology can be scientific?

Answer 31

A second argument is that the social world is influenced by context and meaning, which cannot be quantified.

Question 32

Fill in the blank: The positivist view argues that sociology should rely on _______ methods.

Answer 32

[empirical]

Question 33

True or False: Positivism claims that all social phenomena can be studied with the same methods as natural sciences.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

What does the complexity of human behavior challenge in the positivist perspective?

Answer 34

It challenges the notion that sociology can be approached with the same scientific rigor as natural sciences.

Question 35

Fill in the blank: According to critics, the social world is shaped by _______ and meaning.

Answer 35

[context]

Question 36

How does the influence of context and meaning affect the positivist approach?

Answer 36

It suggests that social phenomena cannot be fully understood through quantitative measures alone.

Question 37

What is a key limitation of applying scientific methods to sociology according to critics?

Answer 37

The limitation is that it overlooks the interpretative aspects of social interactions.

Question 38

What is one way schools may promote competition between pupils?

Answer 38

Implementing academic contests or competitions ## Footnote These can include spelling bees, math challenges, or science fairs.

Question 39

What is a second way schools may promote competition between pupils?

Answer 39

Establishing a ranking system based on academic performance ## Footnote This may involve grades, awards, or recognition for top students.