TEst

Question 1

Q: What is a genome?

Answer 1

A: The genome is the entire genetic material of an organism.

Question 2

Q: What are chromosomes?

Answer 2

A: Chromosomes are genetic structures found in the nucleus, made of DNA, and occur in functional pairs, except in gametes and bacteria.

Question 3

Q: Where are chromosomes located?

Answer 3

A: In the nucleus of cells.

Question 4

Q: What is a gene?

Answer 4

A: A gene is a short section of DNA on a chromosome that controls a specific characteristic.

Question 5

Q: What is an allele?

Answer 5

A: An allele is a different form of the same gene.

Question 6

Q: What is the structure of DNA?

Answer 6

A: DNA has a sugar-phosphate backbone with interlinking bases forming a double helix.

Question 7

Q: What are the base-pairing rules in DNA?

Answer 7

A: Adenine pairs with Thymine (A-T), and Cytosine pairs with Guanine (C-G).

Question 8

Q: How does DNA determine protein structure?

Answer 8

A: DNA contains the code (in base triplets) that determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Question 9

Q: What is mitosis?

Answer 9

A: Mitosis is part of the cell cycle where a cell grows and divides to produce two genetically identical cells.

Question 10

Q: Why is mitosis important?

Answer 10

A: For growth, replacing worn-out cells, and repairing tissue.

Question 11

Q: What is the outcome of mitosis?

Answer 11

A: Two daughter cells that are clones of the parent cell, with identical chromosomes.

Question 12

Q: What is meiosis?

Answer 12

A: Meiosis is reduction division, producing four genetically different haploid cells.

Question 13

Q: How does meiosis provide variation?

Answer 13

A: Through independent assortment of chromosomes.

Question 14

Q: What is a monohybrid cross?

Answer 14

A: A genetic cross involving one gene with two alleles.

Question 15

Q: What does dominant mean in genetics?

Answer 15

A: An allele that is always expressed if present.

Question 16

Q: What does recessive mean?

Answer 16

A: An allele that is only expressed if both alleles are recessive.

Question 17

Q: What is a genotype?

Answer 17

A: The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g., Bb).

Question 18

Q: What is a phenotype?

Answer 18

A: The physical appearance resulting from the genotype.

Question 19

Q: What is a homozygous genotype?

Answer 19

A: Two of the same alleles (e.g., BB or bb).

Question 20

Q: What is a heterozygous genotype?

Answer 20

A: Two different alleles (e.g., Bb).

Question 21

Q: What tool is used to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes?

Answer 21

A: A Punnett square.

Question 22

Q: What is a test (back) cross used for?

Answer 22

A: To determine the genotype of an individual showing the dominant trait.

Question 23

Q: What is a pedigree diagram?

Answer 23

A: A family tree used to track inheritance of traits.

Question 24

Q: How is sex determined in humans?

Answer 24

A: By the XX (female) or XY (male) chromosomes inherited from parents.

Question 25

Q: How is haemophilia inherited?

Answer 25

A: It is a sex-linked recessive condition carried on the X chromosome.

Question 26

Q: What is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 26

A: A recessive genetic disorder affecting the lungs and digestive system.

Question 27

Q: What is Huntington’s disease?

Answer 27

A: A dominant inherited condition that affects the brain and nervous system.

Question 28

Q: What causes Down’s syndrome?

Answer 28

A: An extra chromosome 21 (trisomy 21), due to a mutation.

Question 29

Q: What are some ethical issues in genetic screening?

Answer 29

A: Who decides who gets tested, how results are used, and the psychological impact.

Question 30

Q: What is amniocentesis and its risk?

Answer 30

A: A test where fluid is taken from the womb; it carries a small risk of miscarriage.

Question 31

Q: How does blood testing compare to amniocentesis?

Answer 31

A: Blood tests are less risky but may be less definitive.

Question 32

Q: Why is there concern about sharing genetic information?

Answer 32

A: It could be misused by insurance companies or employers.

Question 33

Q: What is genetic engineering?

Answer 33

A: The process of modifying an organism’s genome to introduce desirable traits.

Question 34

Q: How is human insulin made using genetic engineering?

Answer 34

A: A human insulin gene is inserted into a plasmid, which is then placed in a bacterial cell. The bacteria are cultured to produce insulin.

Question 35

Q: What are restriction enzymes used for?

Answer 35

A: To cut DNA and create sticky ends for gene insertion.

Question 36

Q: What is down streaming in genetic engineering?

Answer 36

A: The process of extracting, purifying, and packaging products like insulin.

Question 37

Q: What are the benefits of genetically engineered insulin?

Answer 37

A: It’s identical to human insulin, reduces allergic reactions, and can be mass produced.