Test 3

Question 1

What is the definition of health?

Answer 1

Health is being free from communicable and non-communicable diseases.

Question 2

What are the costs to society of diseases?

Answer 2

Economic burden, treatment costs for the NHS, lost productivity, and strain on healthcare systems.

Question 3

What are communicable diseases caused by bacteria?

Answer 3

Chlamydia, Salmonella, and Tuberculosis.

Question 4

Name three viral communicable diseases.

Answer 4

HIV (leading to AIDS), cold and flu, and HPV (human papilloma virus).

Question 5

Name two fungal diseases.

Answer 5

Athlete’s foot and potato blight.

Question 6

How are communicable diseases spread?

Answer 6

By direct contact, water, air, vectors, or bodily fluids.

Question 7

How can communicable diseases be prevented or treated?

Answer 7

Hygiene, vaccinations, isolation, and medication like antibiotics or antivirals.

Question 8

What methods are used to sterilise equipment in aseptic technique?

Answer 8

Autoclaving, flaming, and alcohol.

Question 9

Why should Petri dishes be partially covered and inoculations done near a Bunsen burner?

Answer 9

To reduce contamination from airborne microorganisms.

Question 10

Why are Petri dishes incubated at 25°C?

Answer 10

To avoid growing harmful pathogens that thrive at body temperature.

Question 11

How are bacterial cultures safely disposed of?

Answer 11

By autoclaving.

Question 12

What are the body’s physical and chemical barriers?

Answer 12

Skin, mucous membranes, and blood clotting.

Question 13

What do lymphocytes do?

Answer 13

Produce antibodies in response to antigens.

Question 14

How do antibodies help fight disease?

Answer 14

Bind to antigens, clump pathogens, reduce spread, and lessen symptoms.

Question 15

What is the role of phagocytes?

Answer 15

Engulf and digest microorganisms.

Question 16

What are memory lymphocytes?

Answer 16

Cells that allow a faster secondary immune response.

Question 17

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

Answer 17

Active: body produces antibodies. Passive: receives ready-made antibodies.

Question 18

What are antibiotics and how do they work?

Answer 18

Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

Question 19

What causes antibiotic resistance?

Answer 19

Overuse or misuse of antibiotics.

Question 20

What is a superbug?

Answer 20

A bacterium resistant to multiple antibiotics, like MRSA.

Question 21

Why are superbugs hard to eradicate?

Answer 21

They’re resistant to most antibiotics and spread easily in healthcare settings.

Question 22

How do vaccines work?

Answer 22

Use modified pathogens to stimulate antibody and memory lymphocyte production.

Question 23

What is the role of a booster vaccine?

Answer 23

Increases and prolongs immunity by raising antibody levels.

Question 24

What does a graph of antibody levels after vaccination show?

Answer 24

A rise in antibodies after each dose, especially with boosters.

Question 25

What inherited factor may contribute to non-communicable diseases?

Answer 25

Genetic predisposition to diseases like cancer.

Question 26

List lifestyle factors that increase disease risk.

Answer 26

Poor diet, lack of exercise, UV exposure, alcohol misuse, and smoking.

Question 27

How does alcohol misuse affect health?

Answer 27

Causes liver disease and foetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 28

How does tobacco affect the lungs?

Answer 28

Tar causes bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer.

Question 29

What are the effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide?

Answer 29

Nicotine is addictive and alters heart rate; CO reduces oxygen in blood.

Question 30

How can obesity contribute to other diseases?

Answer 30

Increases risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes.

Question 31

What causes a blood vessel to become blocked?

Answer 31

Cholesterol deposits leading to clot formation.

Question 32

What are the consequences of restricted blood flow?

Answer 32

Less oxygen and glucose, reduced respiration, and cell death.

Question 33

What happens if coronary arteries are blocked?

Answer 33

Causes a heart attack due to death of heart muscle cells.

Question 34

What happens if brain arteries are blocked?

Answer 34

Causes a stroke due to death of brain cells and reduced brain function.

Question 35

What is an angioplasty with a stent?

Answer 35

A procedure using a balloon and mesh to widen clogged arteries.

Question 36

What are statins and aspirin used for?

Answer 36

Statins lower cholesterol; aspirin reduces blood clotting.

Question 37

Name lifestyle factors that increase risk of heart disease and stroke.

Answer 37

Excess dietary fats, smoking, stress, and lack of exercise.

Question 38

What is cancer?

Answer 38

Uncontrolled cell division.

Question 39

What's the difference between benign and malignant tumours?

Answer 39

Benign: encapsulated and non-spreading; Malignant: capable of spreading.

Question 40

How do lifestyle choices affect cancer risk?

Answer 40

HPV → cervical cancer, smoking → lung cancer, UV → skin cancer.