Test

Question 1

Normal range of ph

Answer 1

7.35-7.45

Question 2

PaCO2

Answer 2

4.7-6.0 Kpa (35-45mmhg)

Question 3

HCO3 (metabolic component of acid-base balance)

Answer 3

22-26 mmol/L

Question 4

BE (base excess)

Answer 4

0 +-2

Question 5

PaO2 (oxygenation status)

Answer 5

13-16 Kpa (100-120 mmhg)

Question 6

SaO2 (reflect oxygen carrying capacity of hgb)

Answer 6

94-99%

Question 7

Give sodium bicarbonate (if needed)
◦ Esp. for HCO3 loss thru Renal cause (renal tubular acidosis) or GI cause
◦ Watch for complications of HCO3
Treat hyperkalaemia (if any)

Answer 7

Treatment for metabolic acidosis

Question 8

Treatment
a) For chloride resistant type (due to other causes): Treat cause
b) For chloride responsive type (due to GI or renal loss): replace chloride or excrete HCO3
⚫Replace Chloride - Check serum chloride & (if low) give chloride ions to replace the loss
e.g. NaCl (Saline infusion)
⚫Excrete HCO3 - Can consider to give carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, e.g. Acetazolamide(Diamox)
for increase HCO3 excretion

Answer 8

Treatment for metabolic alkalosis

Question 9

Cvs biomarkers
Cardiac marker (myocardial injury,AMI)
Tni/ tnt normal <0.03
Significant:?

Answer 9

> 0.1 ug/l (2 times)

Question 10

Cvs biomarkers
Cardiac marker (myocardial injury,AMI)

CK-MB normal range

Answer 10

<5 ug/l

Question 11

Cvs biomarkers
Heart failure markers
BNP
NT-ProBNP (>90% likely have heart failure)

Answer 11

BNP (>500 pg/ml)
NT-ProBNP (>1800 pg/ml)

Question 12

Cvs biomarkers
Shock markers
Serum lactate

Answer 12

Normal : < 2mmol/L

> 2 mmol/L is high
4 mmol/L or above is significant

Question 13

WBC/ wcc white cell count
Normal:

Answer 13

4-11 (10*g/l)

Question 14

Clotting factor
Fibrinogen
Normal

Answer 14

1.65-3.63 g/l

Question 15

Fibrin degradation products
D-dimer
Normal

Answer 15

<10 ug/ml

<500 ng/mL

Question 16

Na

Answer 16

135-145 mmol/l

Question 17

Potassium

Answer 17

3.5-5.1 mmol/l

Question 18

Normal fasting blood sugar

Answer 18

3.9-5.6 mmol/l
5.5-6.9 pre
>6.9 diabetes

Question 19

Renal function

Urine output:
Urea:
Creatinine:

Answer 19

Urine output: > 0.5 ml/kgBW/hr
Urea: <8.9mmol/l
Creatinine:<110 mmol/l

Question 20

Serum amylase
Serum Lipase

Answer 20

Serum amylase: 28-100 u/l
High indicates acute pancreatitis

Serum Lipase: 23-208 u/l

Question 21

Normal phosphate level

Answer 21

0.82-1.4 mmol/l

Question 22

Hgb

Answer 22

13-16 g/dl

Question 23

Ionized calcium:

Answer 23

1.3-1.5 mmol/L