Test 1A

Question 1

Differential Psychology

Answer 1

1. Field of study concerned with individual differences is called differential psychology
2. Basic human nature
3. How do human beings differ from one another

Question 2

4 Areas of Individual Differences

Answer 2

1. Personality
2. Abilities
3. Interests
4. Sex, religion, politics, drugs, and philosophical issues like the meaning of life

Question 3

Mean

Answer 3

Or expectation (“average”) tells us something about the typical examinee

Question 4

Variance

Answer 4

Variance is the average squared deviation from the mean

- How far someone is likely to be from average

Question 5

What does it mean to standardize a trait

Answer 5

Divide it by the mean

Question 6

After standardization what percentage of the population will lie between -1 and +1

Answer 6

68%

- 34% in positive, 34% in negative

Question 7

After standardization what percentage of the population will lie between -2 and +2

Answer 7

95%

- 13.5% in positive, 13.5% in negative plus the space in between 68%

Question 8

After standardization what percentage of the population will lie between -3 and +3

Answer 8

99%

Question 9

Internal-Consistency Reliability

Answer 9

Instrument composed of several parts is defined to be the fraction of its variance attributable to its common factor

Question 10

Inter-Rater Reliability

Answer 10

When the indicators are rating by different judges

Question 11

Test-retest reliability

Answer 11

A measure of stability.

- It is an appropriate measure of reliability, however, if the target of measurement is supposed to be stable

Question 12

Criterion validity

Answer 12

The test correlated with other variables in the way that is should be if it is measuring the real trait well

Question 13

T or F: Internal-consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and content validity are all aspects of construct validity

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Content Validity

Answer 14

The extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given construct.

Question 15

T or F: Correlation quantifies the strength of relationship between different measures showing individual differences

Answer 15

True

Question 16

The greatest challenge to casual inference is accounting for ______

Answer 16

Confounders

Question 17

Gold Standards for casual inference

Answer 17

1. May not always be feasible
2. May not always be ethical
3. Sample may not be representative, limiting generalizability

Question 18

T or F: Within-family designs that account for some unmeasured confounders

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Confounder

Answer 19

A variable that contributes to the correlation between two variables because it is a cause of both

Question 20

What steps can be taken to deal with confounders?

Answer 20

• You have to know all possible confounders

- You have to accurately measure those confounders

Question 21

Lexical Hypothesis

Answer 21

Proposes the personality traits and differences that are the most important and relevant to people eventually become a part of their language.

Question 22

Lexical Hypothesis of Personality

Answer 22

• Some differential psychologists consider intelligence to be an aspect of personality
• Nevertheless nearly all differential psychologists make an important

Question 23

Big Five Factors

Answer 23

1. Extraversion
2. Conscientiousness
3. Agreeableness
4. Intellect/Openness
5. Emotional Stability/ Neuroticism

Question 24

Facets: Extraversion

Answer 24

Talkative, sociable, assertive, enthusiastic, verbal vs. withdrawn, silent, shy, reserved, inhibited

Question 25

Facets: Conscientiousness

Answer 25

Organized, systematic, efficient, thorough, practical vs careless, sloppy, haphazard, disorderly

Question 26

Facets: Agreeableness

Answer 26

Sympathetic, kind, warm, cooperative, sincere vs cold, harsh, rude, rough, antagonistic, callous

Question 27

Facets: Intellect/Openness

Answer 27

Complex, philosophical, innovative, unconventional vs simple, uninquisitive, unintelligent, shallow

Question 28

Facets: Emotional Stability/Neuroticism

Answer 28

Relaxed, self-assured, easy-going, unexcitable vs moody, jealous, possessive, anxious, high-strung

Question 29

Hexaco

Answer 29

``` Honesty-Humility (H) Emotionality (E) Extraversion (X) Agreeableness (A) Conscientiousness (C) Openness to Experience (O) ```

Question 30

Facets: Honesty

Answer 30

Honesty: sincere, loyal, humble, fair-minded vs sly, deceitful, greedy, pretentious, boastful, hypocritical

Question 31

What was found in the study that tried to predict Big Five personality traits from Facebook Likes?

Answer 31

This study looked at correlations between Likes and personality traits and used them to predict trait levels in a new sample of Facebook users. - People with high Openness tend to like the painter Salvador Dalí, meditation, and TED talks. - People with high Extraversion tend to like partying, dancing, and the reality-TV star Snooki.