test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
main function of heart
A
pump blood
2
Q
function of lungs
A
oxygenate
3
Q
circulation
A
movement of blood thru heart thru blood vessels. heart pumps and pushes thru body
4
Q
perfusion
A
continuous supply of blood flow thru capillaries bed delivering nutrients nutrients and oxygen in body. it also picks up waste such as CO2 and brings it back to body
5
Q
only oxygenated vein
A
pulmonary vein
6
Q
only deoxygenated artery
A
pulmonary artery
7
Q
blood flow thru heart
A
vena cava- right atrium-tricuspid- right ventricle- pulmonary valve- pulmonary artery- lungs- pulmonary veins- left atrium- bicuspid valve- left ventricle- aorta valve- aorta
8
Q
base
A
top of heart
9
Q
apex
A
bottom of heart. strongest muscle. pushes blood out
10
Q
capillaries
A
let o2 out and take co2 in. let nutrients out and bring in waste
11
Q
A fib
A
atria not creating good beat. bad circulation
12
Q
pericardium
A
2 layers with serous fluid. membrane encloses heart. shields against infection
13
Q
pericardial fluid
A
keeps heart from rubbing against pericardium. causes pain
14
Q
pericardium fluid
A
shock absorber
15
Q
too much pericardium fluid
A
Cardiac temponade
16
Q
electrolytes involved in heart beating effectively, if thrown off, imbalance occurs
A
magnesium, calcium, potassium
17
Q
myocardium
A
strong heart muscle. never rests
18
Q
epicardium
A
outer smooth membrane that lays on top
19
Q
endocardium
A
inner lining of heart
20
Q
widow maker
A
left descending artery. main artery for heart. if blocked, results in MI that typically goes undetected
21
Q
connects capillaries
A
veinus and arterial system
22
Q
risk factor for blockage
A
high cholesterol
23
Q
coronary circulation
A
oxygenates heart itself
24
Q
cardiopulmonary circulation
A
circulation that occurs between the heart and lungs
25
congestion on right side
edema. backup in body
26
backup on left side
goes into lungs causing abnormal sounds, congestion, SOB, inability to breathe, dyspnea, low pulse ox
27
thrombus
clot
28
embolus
moving clot
29
SA node
where conduction starts
called pacemaker
avg HR 60-100 beats
30
AV node
if conduction doesn't start in SA, It comes here
HR 40-60 beats/ min
31
what happens if AV node is diseased
man made structure put in
32
auto meticity
spontaneous rthym where atrias beat then ventricles beat
33
conduction order
SA node- AV node- bundle branch- splits and goes to both ventricles- purkinge fibers (causes ventricular beat)
34
controls heart rate and contracting
autonomic nervous system
35
if we need faster heart rate, stronger, more oxygen, or more blood flow
ANS sympathetic
36
slows heart rate back down with vagus nerve
parasympathetic
37
baroreceptors
detect pressure changes in aortic arch, and carotid artery. could cause increase or decrease in HR
38
Chemoreceptor
detect change in blood pH, such as o2 levels and co2 levels
can also increase/decrease HR
dilates or contracts vessels
39
what does stress cause to be released increasing HR, causing vasoconstriction, blood clots capillary issues
catecholamines
40
factors influencing cardiovascular function
developmental stage, environment, lifestyle, medications, pathophysiological conditions
41
baby aspirin can be prescribed for
preventing strokes and heart attacks
42
heart failure
ineffective pump
43
cardiomyopathy
heart is enlarged. cant work properly. irreversible
44
cardiac ischemia
not enough oxygen . can lead to necrosis, crushing pain (agina pectoris). wont lead to death but can cause other problems
45
coronary artery disease
buildup of plaque. can decrease blood flow. narrowing leads to high HR
46
CAD sound in carotid artery (neck)
bruit
47
dysrhythmias
any alteration in HR or rthym. could lead to MI or cause clots
48
heart valve stenosis
valve narrows. possible murmurs and extra sounds
49
peripheral vascular disease
inadequate blood flow. some places can appear pale. hair loss can occur
50
venous peripheral vascular disease
blood cant flow back
edema, skin is brownish, stashish ulcers
51
orthostatic hypertension
blood pressure drops from lying to standing
52
arrthymia
no heart beat
53
labs for cardio assessment
cholesterol, lipid panels, electrolytes, CRP- inflammation
54
diagnostic test that looks at valves
TEE
55
5 lead EKG color order
right top- white
right bottom- green
left top- black
left bottom- red
middle- brown
56
P wave
SA node
57
QRS complex
depolarization of ventricle
58
T wave
ventricle at rest
59
U wave
only shown if injury
60
Examples of cardio nursing diagnosis
decreased cardiac output, ineffective tissue perfusion, anxiety, fatigue, activity intolerance
61
cardio physiological needs
CVA, fatigue, fluid overload, tissue perfusion, cardiac output
62
cardia safety needs
pain, risk for falls
63
cardiac interventions
Promote circulation/ Prevent clots
Elevate legs
Ambulate
Range of Motion exercises
TED hose
SCDs
Manage anxiety
Stay calm
Provide clear and precise instructions
medications
64
dialate blood vessels, increase cardiac output. decrease work load of heart
vasodialators
65
block epinephrine and norepinephrine. can be used for dysrthymias
beta blockers
66
block calcium. decrease bp and hr
calcium channel blockers
67
increase pumping action
intropics
68
reduces sodium. more urination. some pull K+
diuretics
69
blocks liver enzyme responsible for making cholesterol
anticholesterol
70
the phase of sleep where function is low
NREM
71
When are beta waves seen during sleep
at periods of wake
72
how many hours of sleep does a newborn need
15-18
73
waves that represent client is in a deep sleep
delta
74
what neurotransmitters inhibit sleep
serotonin, histamine, prostaglandins, acetylcholines
75
what controls circadian rhythm
hypothalamus
76
atelactis
complete or partial collapse of entire lobe/lung
77
benefit of pursed lips
reduce overall work of breathing
78
alveoli
tiny air sacs that allow for gas exchange in lungs
79
movement of air in/out the lungs
ventilation
80
exchange of oxygen/co2
respiration
81
hypoventilation
slow, shallow rate.
co2 is staying in the body
82
hyperventilation
high, shallow rate
too much o2 leaving the body
83
what can cause hypoventilation
medications (narcotics, paralytics), head injuries
84
what can cause hyperventilation
pain, anxiety
85
taachypnea
fast RR
86
bradypnea
slow RR
87
Orthopnea
cant breathe efficiently laying down. common in heart failure patients
88
evpnea
normal breathing
89
obstructive respiratory issues
can breathe in well, but not out. air trapping. lung elasticity problems
90
restrictive respiratory issues
have a hard time breathing in. Lung compliance problems.
ex: trauma, obesity, asthma
91
airway resistance
o2 has problems getting to lungs
ex- allergies, bronchitis
92
chemoreceptors
monitors co2, o2, and blood pH. in brain and carotid system
93
lung receptors
measure lung expansion
94
pulmonary function loss in elderly
lose cough reflex
lose alveoli
expected RR above 20
95
medications affecting pulmonary function
narcotics, paralytics, musculoskeletal relaxings
96
lifestyle causes that can affect pulmonary
smoking, pregnancy, obesity, drug use
97
ABG
arterial blood gas
determines amount of o2 in blood
98
hypoxemia
too little oxygen in blood
99
hypoxia
too little oxygen in tissue
100
can hypoxemia lead to hypoxia
yes
101
can hypoxia lead to hypoxemia
no, if you have hypoxia and not hypoxemia, it must be a circulatory issue or something like edema
102
how can neuromuscular and the CNS affect pulmonary function
cns needs to tell the body what to do/how to respond
muscles help us breathe by movement
103
pulmonary system abnormalities
lung disorders
104
pulmonary circulation abnormalities
blood flow issues
105
capnography
measuring co2 being released
106
test that involves pinching nose, breathing in and out of tube. measures what breathes in and out. gives idea of chronic resp problem.
spirometry
107
physical exam functions
breathing pattern
resp effort
pulse ox
cardiac functioning
inspection, palpation, percussion, ausculation
108
people who cant cough, have trach : nursing diagnosis
ineffective airway clearence
109
hypoventilation, hyperventilation: nursing diagnosis
ineffective has exchange
110
people who aren't getting enough air to alveoli. could be from pneumonia, smoking, etc..
nursing diagnosis
impaired gas exchange
111
edema, gangrene, PAD: Nursing diagnosis
ineffective tissue perfusion
112
patient that cant breathe on their own. could be due to stroke: nursing diagnosis
impaired spontaneous ventilation
113
helps reinflate lungs
chest tubes
114
chest physiotherapy
tapping on back to help break secretions in lungs
115
mucoid
containing or resembling mucous
115
mucoid
containing or resembling mucous
116
perulent
containing pus
117
mucopurulent
containing pus and mucous
118
vicious
thick and sticky
119
kills bacteria causing infections
antibiotic
120
blocks effects of histamine that has been released by the body during an allergy attack
antihistamine
121
relieves urge to cough
antitussive
122
relaxes muscle spasms in bronchial tubes
bronchodialator
123
reduces inflammation and swelling
corticosteriods
124
reduces stuffiness and congestion
decongestant
125
improves ability to cough up mucous
expectorant
126
liquifies mucus so it's easier to cough up
mucolytic
127
tidal volume for lungs
how much you breathe in and out
128
residual volume lungs
how much air is left in lungs
129
vital capacity lungs
how much breathed in with the biggest breathe and how much is released with the biggest breathe out
130
proprioceptors
where your body is in space. if your tipping forward or upside down
131
stimulus
trigger that stimulates receptor
132
perception
ability to interpret sensory impulses and give meaning to impulses
133
where is the reticular activating system and what does it do
brain step. keeps us awake and alert
134
what can RAS be affected by and what happens when it is
can be affected by environment or medications.
if effected: possible coma or lethargy
135
noticing changes from seeing one thing to another
contrasting stimuli
136
mechanoreceptors
detect pressure
137
sensory deprivation
absence or reduced stimuli. input is reduced, people are not getting stimuli they are previously used too.
ex- isolation
138
sensory overload
too much stimuli- too much info coming in
can be from too much visiting to too many noises
ex- autistic patients may relate
139
sensory deficits
lack of being able to process info.
ex- blind, deaf, tactile problems
139
sensory deficits
lack of being able to process info.
ex- blind, deaf, tactile problems
140
impaired memory
Inability to recall information. Typically trauma related. You can be completely oriented but have impaired memory
141
unilateral neglect
Inability to respond to stimuli. Usually from strokes. Individuals may not have any sense that a part of body is there. There brain may not recognize. A intervention is safety
142
seizure
abrupt onset of disturbance of electrical activity in brain
143
primary generalized seizure
Whole brain is impacted. Typically from med or hereditary
144
partial seizure
One area of the brain is Impacted. From organic cause. Also called focal
145
pain
unpleasant/emotional experience
- what the patient says it is
146
cutaneous/superficial pain
on surface-skin
147
deep somatic pain
muscle, bone, tendon.
usually easy to pinpoint
148
visceral pain
generalized. usually related to an organ
149
radiating/referred pain
Having pain is where a problem isn't.
Ex- pain in left arm from heart attack , or gallbladder pain in shoulder
150
phantom pain
Pain where something is no longer there. Cognitive problem
151
psychogenic pain
Pain is all in your head. Could be psychological disorder, or there is pain and we cant figure out why
152
nociceptive
pain receptors
153
nueropathic
nerve pain. treated with neuropathic agents not narcotics
154
intractable
High pain that is hard to control. Ex- sickle cell crisis. Patients may be on some serious pain meds
155
pain longer than 6 months
chronic
156
threshold
point at when your body says it hurts. usually the same your whole life
157
tolerance
point we say enough is enough. can change from situation
158
endocrine reaction to pain
Elevated blood sugar. General response- glucose levels goes down
Large release of ADH (anti diuretic hormone)
Inflammatory response- elevated HR or Temp
159
cardio response to pain
HR increases, BP increases, more of risk for clot formation, increase in risk for O2 response
160
respiratory response to pain
Breathing inefficiently, breathing to shallow
161
musculoskeletal response to pain
immobility
162
genitourinary response to pain
Decreased output
possible electrolyte imbalances, potential hypertension related to holding in urine
163
gastrointestinal response to pain
constipation
164
gastrointestinal response to pain
constipation
165
contralateral stimulation
rubbing the opposite area
166
nonopioid analgesics
NSAIDs, acetaminophen
167
opiod analgesics
IV, transdermal, epidural
168
adjuvant analgesics
drugs that aren't for pain but can help release pain
