Test 2 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
similar characteristics between unicellular and multicellular cells
A
DNA as genetic material
RNA
Proteins (enzymes)
Cell Membrane
Always reproducing
Requires energy (ATP)
2
Q
Different cell characteristics
A
Cell size
Cell shape
3
Q
TRUE OR FALSE. Viruses are cells
A
False. They are parasite of cells
4
Q
Prokaryote cells do not have a lot of structure eukaryote cells have except for
A
Cell Wall
5
Q
List the structures eukaryote cells have
A
Nucleus
RNA processing
Organelles
6
Q
Which prokaryotes grow best under 20 degrees C
A
Psychrophiles
7
Q
Where are psychrophiles found
A
Refrigerators, glaciers
8
Q
Mesophiles
A
grows best in between 20-50 degrees C
9
Q
which prokaryote can be found in the body
A
mesophiles
10
Q
thermophiles
A
grows best above 50 degrees C
11
Q
What are the prokaryote environmental conditions
A
Temperature
pH
Water
Salt
Oxygen
Nutrient
12
Q
Acidophiles
A
grows best in acidic environments (ph1-2)
13
Q
Grows best in basic pH
A
Alkaliphile
14
Q
Aerobic Bacteria
A
Requires oxygen for growth
15
Q
Anaerobic Bacteria
A
Doesn’t require oxygen for growth
16
Q
Which bacteria can grow in absence of key nutrients
A
Cyanobacteria
17
Q
Archaea
A
lives in extreme conditions
18
Q
Which ones are crown organisms
A
Metazoans
Plants
fungi
19
Q
Halophiles
A
able to live in high salt concentration
20
Q
Where can you find methanogens
A
Round in wetlands, swamps, digestive system (rumen)
Any environment rich in methane
21
Q
Yeast
A
Fungi
Eukaryotic
Unicellular
used in food industry
Aerobic condition - baker’s yeast
Anaerobic condition - alcohol production
Can also be a human disease
22
Q
Which microbes help produce penicillin
A
Molds
23
Q
Unicellular, eukaryotes, no cell wall. Causes diseases. Helps with digestion and removing bacteria from waste water
A
Protozoa
24
Q
Virus
A
parasite that uses functions of host cells
no cellular life
causes changes to cell and doesn’t follow central dogma
25
protein coat
protection, entry into cell
26
What are the roles of microbes
oxygen
waste breakdown
food production
drug preparation
making vitamins
digestion
protection against virulent microbes
27
turns inorganic molecules to organic compounds
microbes
28
why is microbes evolution linked to humans?
needs a host and 37 degree C
has spreading capacity
favours less or non-virulent microbes
29
are all microbes aggressive diseases
no
30
example of microbes that are diseases that last a long time
tuberculosis
31
example of microbes that don't last long as a disease
ebola virus
32
Bioterrorism
intentional release of bacteria, viruses, or toxins for purpose of harming or killing people
33
Anthrax
through inhale, spore or drugs
can cause infections
inhalation symptoms are flu like
in CDC category A
34
how do you treat anthrax
ciprofloxacin
35
What's in CDC Category A
Anthrax
Bubonic Plauge
Smallpox
Tularaemia
Viral haemorrhagic fevers
Botulinum Toxin
36
Cost effects of epidemic/ disease
healthcare system resources
research and development
37
What will first responders do in the event of a bioterrorist attack
Awareness
Report
38
When was smallpox eradicated
1980
39
What is the current issue with smallpox
because it was eradicated, smallpox is not given to the public and if it returns, it will kill many people
40
Oligo DNA synthesizer
builds nucleotides that could be used to recreate viruses
41
melting permafrost
bacteria that are frozen can come back if defrosted
42
polio
can live in body for a long time
great equilibrium with humans
43
Factors that affect emergence of disease
microbial adaptation
human behaviour
44
what human behaviour affects emergence of disease
international travel
sexual activity
changing ecosystems
wars
bioterrorism
susceptible to infection (poor sanitation and nutrition)
45
types of bacterial shape
rod (bacillus)
spiral (spirillum)
spherical (coccus)
46
neisseria
two cells attached
antibiotic resistance
47
streptococcus
can divide anywhere (side, pores, etc)
48
what is the function of a flagella
moves bacterium through rotation of tail
senses high concentration and moves towards it if it's not toxic
chemotaxis
49
chemotaxis
movement towards or away from substances
50
fimbrae
surface of cell attached to substance
51
structure of bacteria
flagella, ribosomes, chromosome, capsule/ slime layer, cell wall, cytoplasm, plasmid (DNA)
52
Pili
long hollow tubules that are longer than fimbriae but shorter than flagella
53
types of layers surrounding bacteria cell
slime layer
capsule
54
what are slime layers and capsules composed of
polysaccharides, polypeptides, or glycoproteins
55
function of capsule and slime layer
protect bacterial cells from engulfment
prevents drying
reserves carbohydrates
mediate adherence of cells to each others and to surfaces
56
biofilm
complex aggregation of microorganisms growing on solid substrate
more resistant because antibiotics have difficulty entering into bacterial cells
57
function of prokaryotic cell wall
resist osmotic stress
provides structure and shape
assist in attaching to other cells
58
what is peptidoglycan composed of
2 sugars - N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl Muramic acid (NAM)
59
what does NAM and NAG provide
rigidity
bacterial shape
structure
surrounds cell
cross linkage by tetrapeptide
60
gram negative
thin layer peptidoglycan
red
periplasmic space
cell wall (one layer)
61
gram positive
dark blue
thick layer peptidoglycan
no periplasmic space
cell wall (multiple layers)
62
chemicals produced by pathogen
toxins
63
endotoxins
proteins secreted by live pathogen
destroys cellular and extracellular structures
Part of live pathogens
64
LPS structure
O side chain
core polysaccharide
lipid a- composed of glycolipids
65
what associates with toxic activity in gram negative bacterium
lipid a
66
LPS function
inflammation
helps infection for gram negative bacteria
67
LPS as endotoxins
acute body inflammation
increased vascular permeability throughout body
68
what contains DNA, a large circular molecule of DNA, and has no nuclear membrane
prokaryotic cytoplasm
69
size of prokaryotic ribosomes
70S
70
where else can 70s ribosomes be found other than prokaryotes
mitochondria
71
endospores
formed by gram positive bacteria
always in survival state
viable for long time but doesn't show signs of life
72
what is endospores resistant to
environmental stress - high heat, strong acids, irradiation
73
vertical gene transfer
spontaneous
induced by cancer treatment
74
bacteria is called a haploid because
one gene in each cell
75
mutation factors in bacteria
rapid growth rate
selective advantage enriches for mutants
76
horizontal gene transfer
unidirectional
donor doesn't give entire chromosome
organisms from same generation
77
types of exchange of genetic information in bacteria
transformation
transduction
bacterial conjugation
78
transformation
DNA from dead bacteria
79
Transduction
exchange information by bacteriophage
80
Bacterial conjugation
by direct physical contact between cells
81
phage structure
nucleic acid
protein
82
how does phages infect
adsorption
irreversible attachment
sheath contraction
nucleic acid injection
DNA uptake
83
generalized transduction
transferring bacterial gene to another bacterium
84
conjugation
gene transfer from donor to recipient by direct physical contact between cells
85
sterilization
non selective, kills everything
86
disenfection
liquids that kill bacteria
too toxic on skin surfaces
87
antiseptics
uses alcohol/isopropanol or iodine on skin
reduces bacterial load
88
antibacterial agents
natural antibiotics (primitive medicine or herbal remedies)
89
antibiotics
natural substances secreted by one microorganism against other microorganisms
90
who discovered antibiotics
Flemings
91
types of Antibiotics
Bactericidal
Bacteriostatic
92
Bactericidal
irreversible
kills effected microbes
common use
bacteria is still resistant
93
Bacteriostatic
reversible growth inhibition
94
3 factors to select antibiotics
toxicity
effectivity
therapeutic index = toxic dose/ effective dose
95
what does spectrum of action show
broad spectrum of antimicrobials may allow secondary or superinfection to develop
96
when does bacteria start growing
<=0.8 ug/ml antibiotic
97
minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)
lowest concentration of antibiotics that kills 99.9% of original inoculum
98
which route of antibiotic administration will work right away
IV (intravenous) treatment
99
Which antibiotic administration will take a while to work
Oral treatment
100
what happens in inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis
penicillin prevents peptide bridge formation by binding to transpeptidase causing bacteria to burst after making a hole in the cell wall
101
list beta lactam antibiotics
penicillin
cephalosporin
monobactam
102
what does beta lactam antibiotics do
inhibits enzyme responsible for linking NAM-NAG chains
103
aminoglycosides
bactericidal
antibiotics that irreversibly binds to 30S ribosomal unit to freeze initiation complex and change shape so mRNA is misread
104
tetracyclines
bacteriostatic
binds to 30S ribosome and inhibits binding TRNA to acceptor site on 70S
105
Chloramphenicol
Bacteriostatic
binds to 50S to inhibit peptidyl transferase activity
toxic
106
Polymyxins
antifungal
disrupts cytoplasmic membrane where the hydrophobic side of drub binds to hydrophobic membrane to create a pore in membrane
107
function of rifampin
bind to DNA and inhibit initaiton of mRNA synthesis
bactericidal
used to tuberculosis
108
antimetabolite antibiotics
inhibitors of folic acid synthesis
109
types of antimetabolite antibiotics
sulfonamides
trimethoprim
110
Sulfonamides
inihbits enzyme PS and blocks DHF formation
bacteriostatic
111
Trimemthoprim
binds to enzyme DR and inhbits formation of THF
bacteriostatic
112
multiple resistance
pathogen can acquire resistance to more than one drug at a time
113
cross resistance
pathogen can acquire resistance to several antibiotics with a similar chemical structure
114
retarding resistance
limit use of antimicrobials to necessary cases
115
reasons for antibiotic resistance
misuse/ abuse
antibiotics policy in 3rd world countries
antibiotics were developed from natural products
116
which bacteria are drug resistant
acinetobacter
pseudomonas aeruginosa
staphylococcus (MRSA)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
mycobacterium tuberculosis
