Test 3 Flashcards
(45 cards)
functions of microbes
protection from pathogens
train immune system to identify invading pathogens
boost immune system
immunology
study of protection from and response to foreign invading organisms and altered host cells
what does chronic inflammation cause
cancer
3 levels of immunity
anatomical and physiological barriers
innate immunity
adaptive immunity
innate immunity
responds within a few hours
no immunological memory
non specific
adaptive immunity
responds in a few days or start of recovery
specificity
immune memory
cannot be reinfected from the same disease
specificity
same strain of pathogen for immunity
can be infected with new strain
types of anatomical barriers
skin - outer layer of skin, normal flora, flushing, phospholipids
gastrointestinal tract - peristalsis, low pH, bile salts
naso-pharynx and eye - mucus, saliva, tears, lysozyme
lysozyme
destroys bacterial cells
cuts glucosamine - muramic acid linkages
which secretions that has an abundant of lysozyme
tears, saliva, human milk, mucus
when does specific and adaptive immunity works
specific response
immunological memory
what happens in humoral adaptive immunity
antigens induce a specific immune response and react with products of immune response
plasma cells produce antibodies to respond to foreign antigens binding to a specific antigens
antibodies destroy foreign pathogens
functions of antibodies
bind an antigen and counter its effects
neutralization
agglutination
precipitation
complement activation
opsonization
neutralization
antibodies bind to viruses and bacteria on their surface
for toxins, they bind to the binding part
how does toxins get neutralized
antibodies bind to the binding part (free protein) to prevent the toxin from binding to the surface to the cell
agglutination
antibodies target cells by clumping on surface of antigens
agglutination test
antigen agglutinated with antibodies, can see with naked eye
create complexes of cells
precipitation
create complexes of free molecules
can’t see with naked eye
measure of antigen or antibody in body fluids by degree of visible precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes in gel or in solution
complement activation
a process occurs on antibodies bound to a pathogen
makes holes in the pathogen membrane (lytic attack pathway)
membranes of body can also be affected
opsonization
antibody binds to pathogen’s surface molecules and identify them to phagocyte cells
immunological memory
ability of immune system to respond quicker and effectively to pathogens that they have encountered previously
clonal selection
a step in humoral immunity that develops immunity to a specific foreign antigen
primary immune response
produce effector and memory cells
immunoglobulin cells type m (IGM) makes b cells and switches to IGG (irreversible)
secondary immune response
when you encounter the same antigen again and memory cells are initiated. it is mostly IGG cells
