TEST 2 Flashcards by Maddie Carty

chemical messenger, released by a neuron onto a target, causes an excitatory or inhibitory effect

Neurotransmitter

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First step in neurotransmission

Synthesis

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Second step in neurotransmission

Storage in vesicles

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3rd step in neurotransmission

Release

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4th step in neurotransmission

Receptor site action

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5th step in neurotransmission

Inactivation

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action potential, activation of voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels, INFLUX of Ca2+ into presynaptic terminal, Ca2+ complexes with other proteins, complex induces synaptic vesicles to fuse to the membrane and release contents

Release

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Neurotransmitter is released from vesicles on presynaptic membrane, diffuses across synaptic cleft, binds to specialized protein molecules embedded in the postsynaptic membrane, multiple things can happen, hyperpolarization, depolarization

Receptor site action

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Diffusion, degradation by enzymes in the synaptic cleft, reuptake into the presynaptic terminal by membrane transporters, astrocyte uptake

Inactivation

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5 classes of neurotransmitters

Small-molecule, peptide, lipid, gaseous, ion

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Typically synthesized from dietary nutrients, synthesized in axon terminal, their level and activity can be influenced by diet, synthesized and packaged for use in axon terminals, following release, can quickly be replaced at presynaptic membrane, quick acting

Small-molecule transmitters

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Small molecule, amino acid transmitters, used by many synapses, forebrain and cerebellum

Glutamate and GABA

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GABA is formed from ___

modification of glutamate

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GABA is __

Inhibitory

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Glutamate is __

excitatory

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Synthesized in cell body, transported to axon terminal, synthesis and transport are slow, action and replacement are not quick, numerous functions

Peptide Transmitters

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What are the two major classes of receptor proteins

Ionotropic, Metabotropic

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Two parts, binding site for neurotransmitter, a pore or channel opens, brings about rapid changes in membrane potential, usually excitatory

Ionotropic Receptors

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Two parts, binding site for neurotransmitter, a G protein inside the cell is activated and coupled to the receptor protein

Metabotropic

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Motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord send axons to skeletal muscles and synapse on them, ACh neurotransmitter, Nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChr), Ionotropic, excitatory

Neurotransmission in the Somatic Nervous System

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Rest and digest,
SPINAL CORD —> ACh—> Ganglia—>ACh—> Target Organ

Neurotransmission in the Autonomic NS
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

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Fight or Flight,
SPINAL CORD—>ACh—>Ganglia—>NE—>Target organ

Neurotransmission in the Autonomic NS
SYMPATHETIC

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ACh in the parasympathetic division acts on organs in a way that produces ___

Calming

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NE in the sympathetic division acts on organs in a way that produces ___

Arousal

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___ excites digestive organs and inhibits other organs such as the heart

ACh

___ Excites the heart and inhibits other organs such as your digestive organs

Neural pathway, cell bodies are clustered in a few brain stem nuclei, axons are widely distributed in the forebrain, brainstem, and spinal cord, coordinates activity of the brain and spinal cord, each uses ONE small-molecule transmitter

Activating Systems

Substances that alter mood, though, or behavior, are used to manage neuropsychological illness, may be taken recreationally, can act as toxins

Psychoactive Drugs

Most drugs that have psychoactive effects do so by ____

Influencing one of the steps in neurotransmission at a synapse

Agonists ____ muscles

Excite

Antagonists ___ muscles

Inhibit

Black Widow Venom affects what step in neurotransmission?

RELEASE

Is black widow venom an agonist or antagonist?

Agonist

Botulinum Toxin effects what step in neurotransmission?

Release

Is botulinum toxin an agonist or antagonist?

Antagonist

Nicotine affects what step in neurotransmission?

Receptor interaction

Is nicotine an agonist or antagonist?

Agonist

Curare effects what step in neurotransmission?

Receptor interaction

Is Curare an agonist or antagonist?

Antagonist

Physostigmine effects what step in neurotransmission?

Inactivation

Is Physostigmine an agonist or antagonist?

Agonist

How does the authors classify psychoactive drugs?

On the basis of the neurotransmitter they are known to affect

Low doses : reduce anxiety Medium doses : sedate High doses : anesthetize or induce coma Very high doses : can kill

GABAergic drugs

Small-molecule amino acid transmitter, the main inhibitory transmitter in forebrain and cerebellum, binding sites for GABA, alcohol, and benzodiazepines, Cl- channel, Ionotropic

GABA-A receptor

Excitation of receptor, INFLUX of Cl- through its pore, hyperpolarization and decrease in neuronal firing rate, inhibitory, widespread reduction of neuronal firing underlies the behavioral effects of drugs that affect the **** synapse

GABAergic

Class of chemicals, includes diazepam (valium), alprozolam (Xanax), and clonazepam (Klonopin), prescribed to reduce anxiety

Benzodiazepines (GABAergic)

Drugs in this class include cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine

Dopaminergic

Behavioral Stimulant, drug that increases motor behavior and elevated mood and alertness

Dopaminergic

Some drugs in this class are used recreationally to alter perceptions of one’s surroundings (mescaline (peyote), DMT, psilocybin, LSD, Ecstasy (MDMA))

Serotonergic

Some drugs in this class are medically prescribed for the treatment of major depression

Serotonergic

A mood disorder characterized by prolonged feelings of worthlessness and guilt, the disruption of normal eating habits, sleep disturbances, a general slowing of behavior, and frequent thoughts of suicide.

Major Depression

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAO Inhibitors) Tricyclic Antidepressants Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) belong to what class?

Serotonergic

Any endogenous or exogenous compound that binds to opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects. Drug with sleep-inducing (narcotic) and pain-relieving (analgesic) properties

Opioidergic or opioid

Isolated from opium (morphine, codeine) Altered from morphine (heroin, oxycodone) Synthesized in the lab (fentanyl, methadone)

Opioidergic (opioid sources)

These drugs are used for pain management and cough suppression

Opioidergic or opioids

Dynorphins, enkephalins, endophins, endomorphins, and nociceptin are in what class of peptides?

Opioidergic

Delta, kappa, mu, and nociceptin are in what class of receptors?

Opioidergic

Morphine mimics the ______ that binds to the _____ receptors

Endomorphins ; Mu

All ____ are potently addictive

Opioids

Compete with opioids for neuronal receptors, enter the brain quickly, long acting, used to treat overdose and addiction, Narcan

Antagonists at the opioid receptors

Chemical messengers, released by glands, circulate in the bloodstream, affect distant targets in the body

Hormones

Hypothalamus, pituitary, glands, targets in the body, feedback to the brain

Hormones

_____ affect almost every neuron in the brain

Hormones

The targets of a hormone are so widespread that the best way to reach all of them is to travel in the bloodstream. This is what?

Why the body uses hormones as messengers

Replace the function of a gland that is removed or malfunctions, counteract the effects of aging, increase physical strength and endurance, gain advantage at sports. This is an example of how hormones are used for what?

To treat or prevent disease

What characterizes or controls brain development?

Chemical environment to which cells are exposed

Develops in days 18-24, outermost layer of embryonic cells consists of primitive neural tissue, the tissue folds and closes to form the ____

Neural tube

The neural tube matures into what open regions?

The brain’s ventricles and the spinal canal

The cells that line the neural tube are known as the ____ of the central nervous system

Nursery

Neural stem cells line the neural tube, they give rise to the specialized cell types in the CNS , a neural stem cell becomes a specialized neuron via intermediate cell types, at each step the fate of the cell becomes more determined

Origins of specialized brain cells (neurons and glia)

What is the first step in brain development?

Neurogenesis

What is the second step in brain development?

Cell migration

What is the third step in brain development?

Cell differentiation

What is the 4th step in brain development?

Cell maturation (dendrite and axon growth)

What is the fifth step in brain development?

Synaptogenesis (formation of synapses)

What is the 6th step in brain development?

Cell death and synaptic pruning

What is the 7th step in brain development?

Myelogenesis

Cells from a given region of the subventricular zone follow the radial fiber to their assigned location, cortical layers develop from inside out

Neuronal migration

Chemicals produced by local cells probably influence the way cells form layers

Neuronal differentiation

Neurons grow dendrites to provide surface area for synapses with other cells, neurons extend their axons to targets to initiate synapse formation, target cells produce chemicals

Neuronal maturation

During early development, neurons and synapses are over produced. Synapses survive only if they become members of functional neural networks. At peak loss, 100,000 synapses may be lost per second. Neurons deprived of these growth promoting factors express genes that result in cell death.

Cell death and synaptic pruning

The protracted nature of language learning is what

An exception to the rule of cell death and synaptic pruning