Test 2

Question 1

Spontaneous Movements

Answer 1

movements not caused by known external stimuli

• Neurological
• squirm, thrust their arms or legs

Question 1

Primitive Reflex; Name the 4 different ones

Answer 1

Involuntary response to specific stimulation which is often mediated by lower brain centers.

• Symmetrical Tonic Neck
• Asymmetrical Tonic Neck
• Palmar Grasping
• Moro

Question 2

Reflexive

Answer 2

stereotypical responses elicited by specific external stimuli

Question 4

Postural Reactions; Name the 2

Answer 4

Help the infant automatically maintain posture in a changing environment (begins around 4 months)

• Derotative Righting
• Parachute

Question 4

Describe the symmetrical tonic neck reflex

Answer 4

extend head and neck; flex head & neck

–> arms extend, legs flex; arms flex, legs extend

Question 5

What are the locomotor reflexes?

Answer 5

• Stepping
• Swimming
• Crawling

Question 6

Describe the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

Answer 6

Turn head to one side –> same side arm & leg extend (suspine/back)

Question 7

Describe the palmar grasping reflex

Answer 7

touch palm with finger or object –> hand closes tightly around object

Question 8

Describe the derotative righting reflex

Answer 8

turn legs & pelvis to other side –> trunk and head follow rotation

Question 9

Describe the moro reflex

Answer 9

stimulus = shake head –> arms, legs & fingers extend; then arms and legs flex

Question 10

Describe the parachute reflex

Answer 10

Lower infant toward ground rapidly –> legs extend

Question 11

Describe the swimming reflex

Answer 11

place infant is water –> swimming movement of arms and legs

Question 12

Describe the stepping reflex

Answer 12

place infant on flat surface –> walking pattern in legs

Question 13

Self-esteem

Answer 13

ones personal judgement of his or her own capability, signifcance, success and worthiness; it is conveyed to others through words and actions

Question 14

Self-esteem and its two subdivisions are …

Answer 14

• Social Interactions

- Emotions

Question 15

Some self-esteem social interactions are …

Answer 15

• parental appraisal
• comparison with others
• teacher or coach feedback

Question 16

Some self-esteem emotions …

Answer 16

• enjoyment
• pride, excitement with success
• disappointment, stress with failure

Question 17

Casual Attributions

Answer 17

reasons to which people credit their successes and failures. these differ for people with high and low self-esteem

• Internal
• Stable
• Controllable & in contrast …
• External
• Unstable
• Uncontrollable

Question 18

Internal Attributions

Answer 18

believing that they influence outcomes through their own behavior

Question 19

Stable Attributions

Answer 19

that the factors influencing outcome are consistent from situation to situation

Question 20

Controllable Attribution

Answer 20

believing that they personally control the factors influencing outcome

Question 21

In contrast …

Answer 21

.

Question 22

External Attributions

Answer 22

believing they could not change outcomes

Question 23

Unstable Attributions

Answer 23

believing outcome is a product of fluctuating influences such as good and bad luck

Question 24

Uncontrollable Attributions

Answer 24

believing that nothing your do could result in a different outcome

Question 25

What are the rate limiters for early development?

Answer 25

strength support & balance

Question 26

Describe the labryinthine righting reflex

Answer 26

stimulus; tilt infant --> head moves to stay upright

Question 27

Motor Milestones

Answer 27

a fundamental motor skill whose attainment is associated with the acquisition of later voluntary movements. The order in which an infant attains these milestones is relatively consisted, although the timing differs among individuals

Question 28

What is the probable order of motor milestones?

Answer 28

- 2 months; lifts head - 3 months; lifts shoulders - 5 months; rolls over - sits unsupported - 7 months; gets on hands & knees - 8 months; creeps on hands & knees - 9 months; pulls to stand; cruises furniture - 10 months; stands alone - 12 months; walks alone

Question 29

Define walking

Answer 29

first form of upright, bipedal

Question 30

Define running

Answer 30

more advanced motor skill than walking (6-7 months) requires sufficient strength & balance

Question 31

Define jumping

Answer 31

individual propels self off ground with one or two feet, lands on two feet

Question 32

Define hopping

Answer 32

individual propels self off ground with one foot, lands on same foot (starts later than jumping)

Question 33

Define skipping

Answer 33

alternating step-hops on one foot, then the other

Question 34

What are some characteristics of new/early proficient walkers?

Answer 34

- stride length increases - heel / toe - reduces-out toeing & narrows the base support - adopts the double knee lock - pelvis rotates - balance improves

Question 35

What are some characteristics of new/early proficient runners?

Answer 35

- stability over mobility - short stride length, little rotation - flat footed landing - each foot strikes the ground heel first -

Question 36

What are the social interactions of children under 10? (who do the depend on)

Answer 36

children depend more on parental appraisals and outcomes of contests than on direct comparison

Question 37

What are some reasons for dropping out of sports?

Answer 37

- dislike coach - lack of playing time - too much pressure - too much time required - lack of fun