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lifespan > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

An infants gradual development of the capacity to regulate emotions is associated with development of…

A

frontal regions of the cerebral cortex

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2
Q

emotional regulation is the ability to…

A

control ones emotions even in difficult times

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3
Q

the marshmallow experiment showed…

A

how much a subject was able to regulate their impulses

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4
Q

emotion-coaching parents have children who can…

A

self-soothe. focus attention, and have fewer behavior problems

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5
Q

what are Chess and Thomas’ classification of temperament and define each?

A
  • easy: generally positive
  • difficult: reacts negatively and cries frequently
  • slow to warm up: low activity level, somewhat negative, low intensity of mood
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6
Q

In the “still face” experiment, babies got upset when their father _____ and then calmed down and became happy again when their fathers _____

A
  1. discontinued eye contact and showed no emotion
  2. reenaged with them by smiling and interacting
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7
Q

Freud believed that infants become attached to the person or object that provides

A

oral satisfaction

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8
Q

according to Bowlby, babies with secure attachments expect their caregivers to

A

provide comfort and safety

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9
Q

Mary Ainsworth would say that a child who is able to explore a new environment and play with toys while in the presence of their mother is ______ attached

A

securely

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10
Q

a child who has anxious attachment to their caregivers may form what typeof attachment as adults?

A

anxious

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11
Q

if a toy is shown to an infant and then taken away, the infant would not continue looking for the toy. this is an example of Piaget’s concept of…

A

object permanence

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12
Q

Piaget’s term conservation means…

A

young children’s lack of understanding that changing the shape of an object does not increase or decrease the amount of it. Example: the beaker experiment

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13
Q

the evolving level of help that a parent gives to a child to help them learn new tasks and skills is called…

A

scaffolding

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14
Q

the preoperational stage lasts from ages ___ to ____

A

2 to 7

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15
Q

what are some characteristics of a child in the preoperational stage?

A

egocentrism, animism, eventually centration

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16
Q

the formal operational stage appears between ages

A

11-15

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17
Q

(true or false) every adult thinks ina formal operational way

A

false

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18
Q

(true or false) some critics beleive that some cognitive abilities in children emerge earlier and some later than Piaget thought

A

true

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19
Q

this cognitive theorist stresses the importance of children interacting with other people and the cultural context in which they live

A

Vygotsky

20
Q

what is the ZPD?

A

zone of proximal development: range of tasks that are too difficult for the child alone but that can be learned with guidance

21
Q

language is a form of communication - spoken, written, or signed - that is based on a system of…

A

symbols

22
Q

infinite generativity

A

the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules

23
Q

phoneme

A

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

24
Q

morphemes

A

the smallest speech units that carry meaning

25
Q

Berko’s study with the made up “wug” was interesting because?

A

children were able to apply morphological rules to words they had never heard before

26
Q

what are the 6 key principles of vocab development as detailed by Harris, Golinkoff, and Hirsh-Pasek 2011?

A
  1. children learn words for things and events that interest them
  2. children learn the words they hear most often
  3. children learn words best in contexts that are meaningful
  4. children learn words best when interactions are reciprocal
  5. children learn words best when the meanings are clear
  6. children learn words best when correct grammar is used
27
Q

what is the dual language approach?

A

the learner is 1st taught in native language, English is incorporated for some instruction later, native language is still used in instruction but in decreasing proportions over the next few years as the learner gains more english proficiency

28
Q

what is aphasia?

A

loss of ability to understand or express speech caused by brain damage

29
Q

the language strategy “expanding” is helpful because…

A

it adds to the child’s incomplete utterance and expands their language development

30
Q

(true or false) individual differences in personality are stable and consistent

A

true

31
Q

what is a mental age? chronological age?

A

m: level of mental development relative to others
c: the actual biological age of the child

32
Q

what is the risk of giving IQ tests for all jobs?

A

it’s inappropriate because high scores are only moderately correlated with job success and work performance

33
Q

which type of skills tend to be favored in school? (choose from: emotional, practical, analytical, creative)

A

analytical

34
Q

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple intelligences states that…

A

humans have multiple dimensions of intelligence, only some of which are measured by IQ tests

35
Q

what is a cross-sectional study?

A

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

36
Q

what is a longitudinal study?

A

data gathered of same subjects repeatedly over time looks for correlations

37
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

38
Q

fluid intelligence

A

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

39
Q

according to the seattle longitudinal study, middle age is a time of

A

peak performance of verbal comprehension

40
Q

wisdom:

A

expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life

41
Q

(true or false) in the study we discussed in class, college students scored far lower on a wisdom scale than older adults

A

false

42
Q

intellectual disability:

A

a condition of limited mental ability emerging before the age of 18, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to demands of life; varies from mild to profound

43
Q

to be considered gifted your IQ must be ___ or above

A

130

44
Q

creativity:

A

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas and solutions

45
Q

explain convergent vs. divergent thinking…

A

convergent: believing there is a single correct answer
divergent: thinking there are multiple possible answers to a problem

46
Q

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence measures what three areas?

A

analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence

lifespan (4 decks)

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