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test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 5 scientific senses?

A

vision, audition, olfaction, gustation, tactition

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2
Q

vision (sight)

A

source: light waves stricking the eye
receptors: rods and cones in the retina
- rods: black & white
- cones: colour & fine detail
location: occipital lobes

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3
Q

audition (hearing)

A

source: sound waves striking the outer ear
receptors: cochlear hair cells (cilia) in the inner ear
location: temporal lobes

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4
Q

tactition (touch)

A

source: pressure, temperature, pain
receptors: sensory receptors, mostly in the skin, which detect pressure, warmth, cold & pain (ex: nociceptors = pain)
location: somatosensory cortex

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5
Q

gustation (taste)

A

source: chemical molecules in the mouth
receptors: chemoreceptors (taste buds) for sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami
location: frontal/temporal lobe

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6
Q

olfaction (smell)

A

source: chemical molecules breathed in through the nose
receptors: chemoreceptors at the top of nasal cavities
location: olfactory bulb

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7
Q

kinesthesia (body position)

A

source: any change in position of body part, interacts with vision
receptors: kinesthetic sensors in joints, tendons & muscles
location: cerebellum

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8
Q

vestibular sense (body movement)

A

source: movement of fluids in the inner ear caused by head & body movement
receptors: cilia in the ears’ semicircular canals and vestibular sacs
location: cerebellum

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9
Q

sensation

A

sensory receptor nerve endings detect stimuli, ie: receives information

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10
Q

perception

A

how the brain organizes and interprets sensory messages; ie: interprets info and transforms it into meaningful objects and events

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11
Q

transduction

A

when sensory receptor nerve endings detect stimuli, they convert them into neural impulses which are transmitted to the brain

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12
Q

main function of brain stem

A

automatic survival; oldest and innermost part of the brain

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13
Q

medulla

A

regulates hear rate, respiration, blood pressure, swallowing, coughing, blinking

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14
Q

pons

A

relays info to the cerebellum and is responsible for movement, sleep/wake/dreaming, relaxation & breathing

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15
Q

thalamus

A

control centre; directs/transmits sensory messages (except smell) to the cortex, responsible for learning & language; turns off during sleep

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16
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

controls arousal, filters and relays information

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17
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates voluntary movement, processes sensory info, non-verbal learning & memory, “tipsy”

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18
Q

limbic system

A

“border” between new and old brain areas; primitive; emotions, motivation, memory, pleasure/reward centre; 4 F’s - feeding, fleeing, fighting & fucking

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19
Q

amygdala

A

small neural clusters that enable aggression, fear & linked to emotion

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20
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates functions, drives, & maintenace of endocrine system via pituitary gland

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21
Q

hippocampus

A

processes conscious, explicit memories of facts & events; forms & retrieves memories, sense of direction

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22
Q

what part of the brain is enlarged for squirrels and taxi drivers?

A

hippocampus

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23
Q

cerebral cortex

A

involved in higher, complex thinking (learning/thinking/remembering/speaking)

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24
Q

frontal lobe

A

consciousness & higher functions (thinking, personality, emotions, memory, impulse control, planning)

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25
homunculi
map of sensory areas within the brain
26
broca's area
language production
27
wernicke's area
language comprehension
28
broca's aphasia
expressive aphasia; understands speech but struggles to form complete sentences, aware
29
wernicke's aphasia
receptive aphasia; difficulty understanding speech
30
define synesthesia
joined sensation; ie when two sensations overlap, ex: tasting sounds or seeing music or hearing colours
31
action potential
electrochemical impulse send down the axon of the neuron to transmit sensory information; can excite or inhibit
32
neurons
building blocks of the nervous system; specialized cells which are long living & irreplaceable; transmit electrochemical impulses (action potential)
33
cell body
nucleus, metabolic function
34
dendrites
receive signals, 100s to 1000s
35
axons
long, slender tail of axon with terminals that release neurotransmitters
36
myelin sheath
white fatty coating around axon, responsible for insulation & speed
37
neuroglia (glial cells)
hold neurons in place, surround support nourish & protect, performs pruning, most of brain's volume (more than half), insulates for efficient transmission, involved in chronic pain
38
neuroplasticity
new connections
39
neurogenesis
stem cells
40
what occurs at the synpase?
axon fires action potential (all or nothing electrical impulse), neurotransmitters are released into the synapse
41
firing of the neuron steps
1) resting potential 2) action potential 3) refractory period ... and back to resting potential!
42
parts of the synapse
axon terminal, synaptic vessicles, neurotransmitters, synaptic cleft
43
neurotransmitters
chemical substances, stored in synaptic vessicles in axon terminals and released into synapse, lock & key (distinct molecular shape)
44
reuptake mechanism
basically, when "leftover" neurotransmitters are "reuptaked" by the axon terminal, recycled for the next release
45
antidepressants
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
46
dopamine
influences movement, learning, attention, emotion oversupply: schizophrenia undersupply: Parkinson's
47
serotonin
affects mood hunger sleep arousal undersupply: depression
48
norepinephrine
controls alertness and arousal undersupply: depresses mood (ex: when you're angry and still feel angry after the feeling has passed)
49
endorphins
influence perception of pain/pleasure oversupply: opiate drugs can suppress body's natual endorphin supply
50
central nervous system
brain & spinal cord, protected by skull and spine
51
peripheral nervous system
transmits information from periphery to CNS, two way system for transmit sensory and motor info
52
sensory neurons
afferent, receive info
53
motor neurons
efferent, instructions from CNS, motor info
54
interneurons
carry information within CNS, communication between sensory and motor neuron
55
somatic nervous system
voluntary control of muscles in the body
56
autonomic nervous system
controls basic life functions, unaware, regulates internal environment
57
sympathetic nervous system
prepares body for action, mobilizes energy ressources, fight or flight
58
parasympathetic nervous sytem
returns body to normal, conserves energy, quiet after emergency
59
gray matter
made of cell bodies, fully developped in 20s, conducts, processes and sends info
60
white matter
axon bundles, develops during 20s and peaks in middle age, interprets sensory info
61
endocrine system
network of glands that produce and secrete hormones, travels through blood, slower than nervous system but lasts longer, maintains homeostasis
62
pituitary gland
master gland controlled by hypothalamus, tells glands to release hormones, controls metabolism, homeostasis, growth, sex hormones
63
too much growth hormone
gigantism
64
too little growth hormone
dwarfism
65
thyroid gland
produces thyroxin, regulates metabolism and energy
66
hypothyroidism
slow, lethargic, large
67
hyperthyroidism
nervous, excitable, thin
68
thymus
below breastbone, t-cells and lymphocytes (immune system)
69
adrenal glands
fight or flight, secrete adrenaline and corticoids, release salt and some sex hormones
70
pancreas
insulin & digestive enzymes
71
sex glands or gonads
controlled by pituitary. reproduction & secondary sex characteristics
72
subliminal stimuli
beyond the threshold of what we can sense and perceive (ex: x rays, radio waves, uv, infrared, high/low frequency sounds), differs among organisms
73
difference threshold
slightest + or - in physical stimuli required to produce a difference
74
just noticeable difference (JND)
difference detected 50% of the time
75
weber's law
stimuli must differ by constant minimum proportion or %
76
signal detection theory
discriminating a stimulus from background noise
77
sensory adaptation
less/not sensitive to unchanging stimulus, receptors diminish firing rate beneficial: spare energy for cognitive ressources downside: adapt to cues of potential danger
78
sensory deprivation
extreme anxiety, bizarre thinking, hallucinations
79
sensory overload
overwhelming, natural tendency to withdraw
80
pupil
small opening in centre or irirs
81
cornea
transparent covering that bends light rays into pupil
82
iris
coloured, circular muscle that dilates/contracts to regulate entering light
83
lens
disc that flattens to see distance & bulges for close images. refracts light onto retina
84
presbyopia
what happens to the lens in old eyes, doesn't flatten and bulge as well
85
retina
light sensitive membrane containing photoreceptors (rods & cones)
86
fovea
clearest vision, 30 000 cones
87
rods & cones
transduce light waves via the optic nerve to occipital lobe
88
dark adaptation gradual
rods adjust slowly
89
light adaptation quick
cones adjust quickly
90
myopia
nearsighted
91
emmetropia
normal
92
hyperopia
farsighted
93
hue
colour
94
saturation
purity
95
brightness
intensity
96
young-helmholtz trichromatic theory
three colour receptors, red green and blue
97
parallel processing
processing many aspects simultaneously, brain integrates parts into a whole, damage to neural networks can impact ability to perceive motion, form, depth, colour
98
feature detector neurons
instant analysis of stimuli, shape, angles, movement
99
figure-ground
objects stand out from surroundings
100
grouping
organize stimuli into meaningful groups
101
perceptual constancy
size constancy, shape constancy, brightness constancy, colour constancy
102
real motion
perception of moving when something else moves
103
apparent motion
phi phenomenon, autokinetic illusion
104
bottom-up processing
individual bits processed to make a whole, unfamilar
105
top-processing
experience, knowledge & context influence perception, our perceptual set, familiar
106
sounds require what?
a medium
107
what do our ears detect?
pressure changes and parallel processing extracts essential features
108
pitch
frequency of sound
109
amplitude
loudness of sound
110
timbre
distinctness of sound with same pitch/amplitude
111
auditory canal
lined with cilia
112
tympanic membrane
thin, flexible
113
cochlea
fluid filled, coiled, snail shaped; stirrup creates vibrations on oval window, fluid in the cochlea moves in waves, thousands of receptors
114
hair cells (cilia)
transduce message via auditory nerve to temporal lobe
115
conduction deafness
middle ear deafness - mechanical issue
116
sensorineural hearing loss
choclea, receptor cells, nerve damage
117
mechanoreceptors
temperature, pressure, pain receptors, transduce via nerve endings on and under skin to somatosensory cortex
118
chronic pain
persists after it serves any function
119
gate control theory
pain signals transmitted/inhibited by spinal cord
120
endorphins
block pain and produce feelings of well-being
121
acupunture
stimulates release of endorphins
122
brain can create/reduce pain
mirror neurons, phantom pain, placebo, hypnosis, attention, etc.
123
controlling pain
distraction, counter-irritation, relaxation, positive thoughts
124
papillae in non tasters
96
125
papillaw in supertasters
425
126
lifespan of tastebud
10 days
127
sweet
energy source
128
salty
sodium essential to physiological processes
129
sour
potentially toxic acid
130
bitter
potential poison
131
umami
protein to grow and repair tissue
132
asnomia
complete or partial loss of smell
133
pheromones
emitted by animals, mark territory, signal sexual receptivity, sense predators

intro to psych (2 decks)

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