test 2 Flashcards
(222 cards)
1
Q
Western Russian Plain: location and what does it provide?
A
Located West of the Ural mountains; provides agricultural land
2
Q
Northerly latitudes of Russia provide….
A
short growing seasons
3
Q
Interior Russia has what type of climate?
A
Type D, hot summers and cold winters
4
Q
What does the Arctic Ocean from the North do for Russia?
A
sends cold air each winter
5
Q
Mountain ranges to the south of Russia do what?
A
Block warm air and rain during the summer
6
Q
Southern Russia climate
A
deserts and steppes
7
Q
Northern Russia climate
A
tundra
8
Q
What is the Russian Federation?
A
the name for Russia after the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union
9
Q
What time period does the Russian Federation span over?
A
1991-Present
10
Q
What is the Soviet Union
A
1922-1992; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; created after the civil war following the end of the Russian Empire
11
Q
What time period does the Soviet Union span over?
A
1911-1992
12
Q
How was the Soviet Union ruled?
A
by establishing ethnic-based Soviet Socialist Republics for the 14 major ethnic groups
13
Q
What is the Russian Empire?
A
1721-1917; it was created from the Tsardom of Russia and ended with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II
14
Q
What time period does the Russian Empire span over?
A
1721-1917
15
Q
How was the Russian Empire ruled?
A
by spreading the Russian language, Russian orthodox religion, and Russian culture to conquered territories
16
Q
What is Russification?
A
spreading the Russian language, Russian orthodox religion, and Russian culture to conquered territories
17
Q
What did the creation of Soviet Socialist Republics do?
A
strengthened some ethnicities and weakened other
18
Q
What happened to Ethnic Russians during the expansion of the USSR?
A
Ethnic Russians were sent to different Republics to work in industries, administer the government, dilute ethnic groups’ strengths, and as prison sentences
19
Q
What happened to the ethnic Russians after the collapse of the USSR?
A
There were large populations in each of the newly independent former Republics
20
Q
What happened during the expansion of the Russian Federation?
A
Provinces and territories had governors and legislature locally elected; Putin changed this and had governors be appointed by the central government
21
Q
What are the regional environmental problems in Russia?
A
large scale air and water pollution from industrial activity, large oil spills in forest and tundra areas, resource extraction has caused long-term environmental damage in multiple regions
22
Q
What are the regional environmental problems in Russia?
A
large scale air and water pollution from industrial activity, large oil spills in forest and tundra areas, resource extraction has caused long-term environmental damage in multiple regions
23
Q
Where is nuclear waste dumped in Russia?
A
Into the Barents Sea off of the north coast
24
Q
Where is nuclear waste dumped in Russia?
A
Into the Barents Sea off of the north coast
25
When did the Russian Civil war begin?
in 1917 after the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II
26
Who were the bolsheviks?
a political group led by Vladimir Lenin that won the civil war and took control of the USSR
27
Who took over the USSR after Lenin?
Joseph Stalin
28
How was Russia ruled during Stalin's rule?
collectivism of agriculture, industrialization, end of personal land ownership, weakening of religion
29
What did the Bolsheviks do to their opposition during their rule?
purged them; over 30 million were killed (more than all Nazi concentration camps in WWII)
30
What was the Marxist thought on capitalism?
capitalism is an economic system where the proletariat is oppressed by the bourgeoisie
31
In Marxist thought, what do the proletariat do in this system?
They revolt, take property from the bourgeoisie, and give the property to the government to manage
32
What is capitalism?
an economy based on the free market
33
Who are the proletariat?
the working class of society
34
Who are the bourgeoisie?
The wealthy middle class of a capitalist society
35
What is communism?
a system with no economic classes where economic resources are shared equally by all members of society
36
What is socialism?
an economic and political system where the government owns the means of economic production, distribution, and exchange
37
What is a command economy?
economic decisions are made by a central authority and not according to market demands
38
What role does the government play in a command economy?
they decided what is produced, where it is produced, the quantity, the number of workers who produce it, where the raw materials come from, and how the product is distributed
39
What is collectivized agriculture?
seizure of privately owned farms, merging them with other farms, and turning them over to government control
40
What was the Cold War?
a competition for military strength, scientific prowess, economic growth, and control of resources between the US and the Soviet Union and their respective allies
41
When did Mikhail Gorbachev come into power?
1985
42
When did Mikhail Gorbachev come into power?
1985
43
What was the state of the USSR when Gorbachev came into power?
The USSR economy was in near collapse
44
What was the state of the USSR when Gorbachev came into power?
The USSR economy was in near collapse
45
What is perestroika?
restructuring of the economy with market-like reforms
46
What is glasnost?
openness and transparency of all government activities
47
When did the Soviet Socialist Republics declare independence from the USSR?
1991
48
Who was the first president of the Russian Federation?
Brosi Yeltsin
49
Who was the first president of the Russian Federation?
Brosi Yeltsin
50
What happened after the Soviet Socialist Republic left the USSR?
shift to market economy, privatization, devaluation of the ruble, housing crisis, unemployment, political elite replaced by business elite
51
Why did Yeltsin resign?
political corruption and high economic costs
52
Who replaced Yeltsin in 1999?
Vladimir Putin
53
What is Russia like in the 21st century?
continued export of natural resources, low birth rate, growing wealth gap, loss of political freedom
54
What is Russian manufacturing like in the 21st century?
Their manufacturing capacity is not modernizing as quickly as Europe, Asia, and North America
55
What is the Russian religion currently?
Russian Orthodox Christianity (15-20%), Islam (15%)
56
What happened to religion during the USSR rule?
It was weakened
57
What is the Russian language currently?
Russian (Slavic language group); uses Cyrillic alphabet
58
What is the core region of Russia?
Moscow, Volga, and the Ural Mountains
59
What is Moscow?
the capital city of Russia; one of the most expensive cities in the world
60
What do Moscow and surrounding cities focus on?
manufacturing
61
What is Russia's biggest port?
St.Petersburg, on the Baltic Sea
62
Where does the Volga River flow?
it flows to the Caspian Sea and connects to the Black Sea by canal
63
What is the longest river in Europe?
Volga River
64
What do the Ural Mountains have?
an abundance of mineral resources
65
What makes up the Eastern Frontier of Russia?
East of the Ural Mountains in south-central Russia
66
What does the Eastern Frontier of Russia have?
planned cities, industrial plants, raw materials processing centers, several long rivers, Trans-Siberian railway
67
What is the Kuznetsk Basin?
it is an area of industrial cities including Novosibirsk
68
What does the Kuznetsk Basin provide?
mining, timber, and metals
69
What does the Kuznetsk Basin provide?
mining, timber, and metals
70
What is Lake Baikal?
a lake with more fresh water than all of the Great Lakes combined
71
What does the Lake Baikal region provide?
agriculture, timber, and mining
72
Where is Siberia?
East of the Ural Mountains, north of the Eastern Frontier, east to Kamchatka Peninsula
73
How large is Siberia?
Larger than the US
74
How many people live in Siberia?
15 million
75
What type of climate does Siberia have?
Polar tundra (Type E) to the north of a taiga (Type D) climate with coniferous forests
76
What does the Kamchatka Peninsulas contain?
20 active volcanoes and more than 100 inactive volcanoes
77
What regions are in the Far East?
Kamchatka Peninsula, Vladivostok port, Sakhalin Island, Kuril Islands
78
What does the Far East border?
North Korea, China, and the Pacific Ocean
79
Where is southern Russia?
south of the Core Region, east of the Black Sea, west of the Caspian Sea, extends into the Caucasus Mountains
80
How many ethnic groups reside in Southern Russia?
at least 50, and many different languages
81
What does the Chechen Republic want?
They wanted independence from the USSR in 1991, but Russia has used military force to prevent Chechen separation
82
What countries make up the Transcaucasia region?
Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan
83
Where is transcaucasia located?
In the Caucasus Mountains along the border between Europe and Asia
84
What happened to Georgia in 2008?
They were invaded by Russia, this led to slow economic reform
85
Who was the first country to adopt Christianity as a state religion?
Armenia
86
Armenia has its own _________ and ___________
alphabet; language
87
What happened to Armenia during WWI?
genocide by the Ottoman Empire in the west
88
What is Armenian land a part of today?
Turkey
89
What divides Azerbaijan?
Armenia
90
What is the religion of Azerbaijan?
Islam
91
What does Azerbaijan have
oil resources; leads to wealth disparity
92
What oceans surround the United States?
Arctic to the south, Pacific to the east, and Atlantic to the West
93
Where are the Rocky Mountains located?
In the west of the US
94
Where are the Appalachian Highlands located?
in the East of the US
95
Where is the Canadian shield located?
in the north
96
Where are the Interior Lowlands and Great Plains located?
between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Highlands
97
Where does the Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Plain extend to?
New York to Texas, including the Mississippi River Valley
98
What type of climate do Northern Canada and Alaska have?
Tunda (Type E)
99
What type of climate do southern Florida and Hawaii have?
Tropical (Type A)
100
What type of climate do the humid southeast United States have?
Moderate (Type C)
101
What type of climate do the northern United States and most of Canada have?
Cold (Type D)
102
What type of climate do the Southwest United States and the Great Plains have?
Arid (Type B)
103
What were the main explorers and colonizers who came to the Untied States?
Spanish, French, Dutch, and British
104
What is the approximate population of the United States?
330 million
105
What is the approximate population of Canada?
37 million
106
Where do most Canadians live?
within 100 miles of the US border
107
Where do 80% of US citizens live?
in urban or suburban areas
108
Where are populations gradually moving in the US?
south and west
109
What is the most densely populated area of the US?
the Northeast corridor (Washington, DC to Boston, MA)
110
What is manifest destiny?
the belief that is was the destiny of Americans to conquer all the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
111
Where did we get the thirteen colonies from and when?
Great Britain, 1783
112
Where did we get the Louisiana Purchase from and when?
France, 1803
113
Where did we get Florida from and when?
Spain, 1819
114
Where did we get Texas from and when?
It was an annexed independent republic, 1845
115
Where did we get the Pacific Northwest from and when?
Britain, 1846
116
Where did we get the Western land and the Gadsden Purchase from and when?
Mexico, 1848 and 1854
117
Where did we get Alaska from and when?
Russia, 1867
118
Where did we get Hawaii from and when?
they were an annexed kingdom, 1898
119
What overseas territories does the US possess?
Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Pacific Islands. and the US Virgin Islands
120
Where did we get Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Pacific Islands from?
they were surrendered by Spain in the Spanish-American war
121
Where did we get Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Pacific Islands from?
they were surrendered by Spain in the Spanish-American war
122
What later happened to Cuba and the Philippines?
they later became independent countries
123
Where did we get the US Virgin Islands from?
we purchased them from Denmark after WWI
124
What three regions are the thirteen colonies divided into?
New England, mid-Atlantic, and the South
125
What is the cultural heart?
the place where a new culture forms and from which it spread
126
What is the cultural heart?
the place where a new culture forms and from which it spread
127
What is the region of New England like?
poor soils, subsistence agriculture, fishing communities
128
What areas make up the region of New England?
Inland New England, Midwest, Great Lakes area
129
What is the Mid-Atlantic like?
fertile soils, prosperous small-scale agriculture, and multinational population
130
What areas make up the region of the mid-Atlantic?
Appalachian Mountains and the Ohio River Valley
131
What is the South like?
rural, poor small-scale agriculture, plantation agriculture (eventually, slavery)
132
What areas make up the region of the South?
Gulf Coast states, southern Mississippi River Valley
133
What were three large developments that happened during Western Settlement?
California Gold Boom(1849), Homestead Act(1862), and the Transcontinental railroad(1869)
134
What sparked early development in the US?
The industrial revolution; lead to urbanization and industrial development
135
What is the manufacturing belt?
A region in the northeastern and midwestern United States characterized by its heavy industrial concentration
136
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, US cities were...
small, compact, walkable, and centrally oriented
137
What invention allowed for larger cities?
electric streetcars (called these cities streetcar suburbs)
138
What happened to US cities after the creation of the automobile?
The creation of automobile suburbs and decentralization of cities
139
What is a primary economic sector?
economic division involving collection of raw materials, such as agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining (growing and extracting)
140
What is a secondary economic factor?
economic division involving processing of raw materials through manufacturing
141
What has happened to the secondary economic factor in the US?
It has declined in the US and increased in places with lower labor costs
142
What is a tertiary economic sector?
economic division involving production of services, no physical services (includes tourism)
143
What types of jobs are found in the tertiary economic sector?
engineering, finance, restaurants, sports, childcare, medicine, etc
144
What percentage of the US economy is made up of the tertiary economic sector?
more than 75% by gross domestic product
145
Information jobs comprise ______ of the workforce in the US in the 21st century
65%
146
What is a quaternary economic sector?
economic division involving information collecting and processing, as well as management
147
Tertiary and quaternary sectors are also known as...
the service sector
148
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a given year
149
What is GDP per capita?
GDP of a country divided by the population of that country
150
What is GDP per capita?
GDP of a country divided by the population of that country
151
What is the Von Thunen Model?
predicts agricultural land use in a close economic system, with only one market surrounded by land of uniform quality
152
What are footloose jobs?
jobs that can be carried out in any location
153
What is the Sun Belt?
the region extending through the American South, Southwest, and into California
154
What made the sun belt possible>
the spread of air conditioning
155
What is the migration pattern in the US?
rural to urban shift; midwest farming migration to Northeast Steel Belt manufacturing; Northeast Rust Belt migration to information jobs in the Sun Belt
156
What is Americanism?
the spread of American ideas and trends to other places in the world
157
What are some of America's largest affects on the rest of the world?
Hollywood movies, fast food chains, English-language internet
158
What is the American Dream?
the belief that through hard work a person can achieve upward mobility and financial success, no matter his or her background
159
What is the American "Melting Pot"?
the combination of diverse groups of immigrants to form one society or to share common ideals
160
What results in the presence of many ethnic minority groups in the US?
Immigration
161
What is the largest growing population in the US at the end of the 20th century?
Hispanic population
162
What percentage of the US population is made up of immigrants (2010)?
16%
163
Where did African American's migrate to in the 1920s?
from the agricultural South to the manufacturing Steel Belt
164
What is the Great Migration?
the movement of African Americans to the North or West from the South (more than 10% moved)
165
More recently, where have African Americans been moving?
The Sun Belt cities for information sector jobs
166
Religion of early settlers in the US
Protestant Christian
167
Religion of settlers in New England
Puritans
168
Religion of settlers in Virginia
Anglicans/Episcopalians
169
Religion of settlers in Maryland
Roman Catholics
170
Religion of settlers in Pennsylvanie
The Society of Friends (Quakers)
171
Recently, what are the four main religious patterns in the US
Baptists - South
Mormons - West
Lutherans - North
Methodists - Midwest
172
How large is Canada?
2nd largest in the world by area
173
How large is Canada?
2nd largest in the world by area
174
How large is Canada's population?
Less than California
175
More than _______ of Canadians live within 150 miles of the US border
95%
176
What part of Canada is not considered part of its ecumene?
Northern Canada
177
What is an ecumene?
a habitable zone for permanent human settlement
178
How many provinces and territories does Canada have?
10 provinces and 3 territories
179
What is the climate of Central Canada?
cold (Type D), with warm summers and cold winters
180
What is the climate of Northern Canada?
arctic (Type E)
181
What sports are played in Canada due to the cold weather and long winters?
ice hockey, curling
182
What is the Canadian Shield?
an area of rock and forest covering much of central Canada around Hudson Bay
183
Where is farmland located in Canada?
central Canada, along the St.Lawrence river; and in Ontario near the Great Lakes
184
What resources are found in the Alberta province?
coal, oil, and natural gas
185
What resources are found in the rocky mountains of Canada?
mining and timber
186
What is the primary language of Canada?
English, but 22% French
187
What is a mother tongue?
the primary language
188
What is the lingua franca?
a second language used to communicate between people who do not share a mother tongue
189
The percentage of French speakers in Canada is ____________
decreasing over time
190
90% of Canadian French speakers live in _____
Quebec
191
What percentage of the Canadian population identify as Native inhabitants?
3.8%
192
How many groups and language dialects are in Canada?
over 500 groups, and 65 language dialects
193
Who are the first nations?
indigenous people of Canada other than the Inuit
194
Who are the métis?
native peoples of the Arctic regions of Canada and other countries
195
In Canada currently, where is a large amount of their immigration coming from?
Asia
196
Who is Canada's largest trading partner?
The United States
197
What is the Canadian Economy currently developing in?
information and technology industries
198
What states make up the Northeastern Core (do not need to know specifics, but it is good to know the general region)
Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania, New York, Maryland, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, northern Virginia, southern Ontario
199
What states make up New England and the Canadian Maritimes (do not need to know specifics, but it is good to know the general region)
New England: Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine
Canadian Maritimes: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, Labrador
200
What states make up French Canada (do not need to know specifics, but it is good to know the general region)
Quebec, St.Lawrence Valley from Montreal to the Atlantic coast
201
What states make up the American South (do not need to know specifics, but it is good to know the general region)
Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana
202
What states make up the American South (do not need to know specifics, but it is good to know the general region)
Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana
203
What does the American South contain?
the Gulf-Atlantic Coastal plain, southern Appalachian Highlands, and the Sun Belt
204
What states make up the Midwest and the Great Plains (do not need to know specifics, but it is good to know the general region)
Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Montana, North Dakota, Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska
205
What do the Midwest and Great plains produce agriculturally?
spring wheat, winter wheat, and corn
206
What states make up the American Southwest (do not need to know specifics, but it is good to know the general region)
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona
207
What type of climate does The American Southwest have?
Arid desert (Type B)
208
What states make up the Mountain West (do not need to know specifics, but it is good to know the general region)
Idaho, Nevada, Utah, western Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, eastern Washington, Oregon, California, southern Canadian rockies
209
What issue does the Mountain West face?
It has the fastest growth in the US, but this causes massive strains on water resources
210
What states make up the Pacific Coast (do not need to know specifics, but it is good to know the general region)
California, Oregon, Washington, southern British Columbia
211
What is the ring of fire?
the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean with frequent volcanoes and earthquakes
212
What percentage of the population of the US lives in California?
12%
213
What states make up the North (do not need to know specifics, but it is good to know the general region)
Alaska, Northwest territories, northern Great Lakes forests, Canadian Shield
214
What resources does the North have?
hunting, fishing, forestry, oil, and mining
215
What region is the least densely populated region in North America?
The North
216
Marist-Leninist Central Planning
against capitalism, for communism, Soviet Union version on a marxist , adheres to a command economy
216
Marist-Leninist Central Planning
against capitalism, for communism, Soviet Union version on a marxist , adheres to a command economy
217
Marist-Leninist Central Planning
against capitalism, for communism, Soviet Union version on a marxist , adheres to a command economy
218
Walkable Cities
A city developed before the automobile or mass transportation, designed for accessing everything on foot.
219
Streetcar Suburbs
The appearance of the streetcar made living within the heart of the city unnecessary. People began moving to the edges of the cities and commuting to work by streetcar. Led to growth of suburbs.
220
Automobile Suburbs
A residential area outside the city center to which people commute by automobile.
221
British Versus French Canada
One hundred and fifty years of French-British conflict in North America ended in the Seven Years' War and the British conquest of Canada.
