test 2 Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
at what age should the infants weight be tripled
A
1
2
Q
when does the posterior fontanelle close
A
2 months
3
Q
when does the anterior fontanelle close by
A
18 months
4
Q
what do infants spend most of their calories on
A
growing their brain
it grows a lot from newborn to age 1
5
Q
plasticity
A
the degree to which the brain can be modified through experience. Makes it possible to assign functions in case of injury.
EX- if part of brain that affects speech is injured, another part of brain can do that task
6
Q
trust vs mistrust
A
when infants learn if caregiver are reliable
7
Q
caregivers responsiveness to infant
A
caregivers behavior during feeding and how they comfort during stress
Because of the caregivers, children learn to feel anxious and guilty and when to feel comfortable and secure
8
Q
environment vs biology temperament
A
environment is based on how children grow and change, intensity shifts
biology is based on basic temperamental patterns that present early and persist through development
Important for parents to realize the Childs temperament and how to help reduce
9
Q
infant communication
A
cry elicits response from caregiver- communication
they want eye contact
object permanence
they learn cause and effect- such as they throw things and mom picks them up
10
Q
what is object permanence and when does it occur
A
when baby is aware object exists
happens at 8/9 months
11
Q
what age does babies start to hold things
A
5 months
12
Q
attachment
A
emotional bond that occurs between a child and caregiver.
begins long before infant is born when mother feels baby in womb. baby recognizes voice of mother when born
13
Q
securely attached children
A
more curious, sociable, independent and competent at ages 2-5.
more effective in coping
exhibit more highly developed social skills
generally better prepared to undertake developmental tasks of all types
14
Q
insecurely attached children
A
difficulty adjusting, have problems with social behavior
hyperactivity and chronic stress reactions
associated w poor cognitive development
15
Q
difference in cultural attachment between US and other cultures
A
US typically only involves parents, other cultures have a a whole family/tribe caring for infant
16
Q
what age does separation anxiety occur
A
6 months
17
Q
when does seperation anxiety stop occuring
A
by 18 months, memory development helps the child to remember the parents image and to trust that the parent will return after an absence
18
Q
when will infant respond to name
A
7 months
19
Q
when does infant say first words
A
10-13 months
20
Q
why should infants have tummy time
A
to strengthen there neck, learn how to get head control, and eventually learn to crawl
21
Q
2 month gross motor skills
A
lift head when on tummy, turns side to back
22
Q
3 month old gross motor skills
A
holds head up and steady
23
Q
5 month old gross motor skills
A
rolls stomach to back, feet to mouth
24
Q
6 month old gross motor skills
A
rolls back to stomach
25
7 month old gross motor skills
sits with hands for support
26
9 month old gross motor skills
creeps/crawls on hands/knees
27
10/11 month old gross motor skills
pulls up to standing position
28
12 month old gross motor skills
begins walking
29
when do we get less concerned about chance of SIDS
6 months
30
3 months fine motor skills
can hold a rattle
31
4 months fine motor skills
brings objects to mouth (choking hazard!) , holds and shakes rattle
32
6 months fine motor skills
can hold bottle
(now can feed byself)
33
7 months fine motor skills
raking grasp, transfer toys between hands
34
9 months fine motor skills
pincer grasp (can pinch w fingers- feeding themself), claps hands
35
1 year old fine motor skills
can build 2 block tower and eat with fingers
36
newborn senses
can see faces when close (can only see 10-12 inches)
enjoy touch
already have smell/taste preferences
recognize sounds of voices heard before birth
37
4 month senses
can follow gaze
recognizes emotion
38
6 month senses
hear most high pitched noises
prefer sweeter smells
39
2 year senses
by age 2 vision has matured fully
40
when does eye focusing develop in infants
3-4 months
41
how does Piaget say infants learn
senses and motor skills
42
nutrition of infants
breastmilk or formula for first 4 months
can start introducing pureed foods like applesauce between 4-6 months
feed at 2-3 hour intervals
can start eating more foods after teeth growing in, but must be soft
43
benefits of breastmilk
contains antibodies
easy to digest
44
when to transfer infants to whole milk
12 months
45
when does teeth erupt
5-7 months
46
how do infants develop cavities before having teeth
mik is sugary and it sits in their mouth if they fall asleep drinking
47
weaning
process of shifting an infants diet from exclusively breast or bottle-feeding to eating and drinking a wider variety of foods
48
how often should growth, development, health and nutrition be checked in infants
every 2 months
49
how many US babies die before age 3
2 in 1000
50
SIDS
leading cause of death on US infants between 1 month and 1 year
caused by kids suffocating
51
SIDS risk factors
Linked to hx of being immature
being in a home where there exposed to cigarette smoke/pollution
unsafe sleeping arrangements (sharing beds, blankets)
more common in boys or if they have some respiratory illness
52
SIDS prevention
Prevention- keep on back, nothing in crib (no blankets, animals, etc.), avoid smoking, use pacifier at bed time (more research needs done for this)
53
shaken baby syndrome
brain injury or death can occur when an infant is shaken, forcing the brain to bounce in skull causing swelling, bruising and bleeds
could possibly damage nerve fibers that control breathing
Its usually out of anger/frustration from caregiver
Parent should be taught if they are frustrated put the baby down and walk away
54
top 5 causes of death in infants
congenital abnormalities
disorders from premature birth
maternal pregnancy complications
SIDS
unintentional injury (accidents, shaken baby syndrome)
55
what phases does early childhood consist of
toddler phase
preschool
56
toddler phase
(1-2 yo)
57
preschool phase
(3-6 yo)
58
why does the belly protrude around age 1
due to the lumbar curve. By age 3 the lumbar is straight and this goes away
59
when does the anterior fontanel close
18 months
60
how much does toddlers grow from birth to 2 years
12 inches
61
what causes brain to grow in toddlerhood
interaction
62
automaticity
when things become so automatic it's engraved in your brain. Motor skills are done without consciously thinking about it. Develops at age 3
63
does fine or gross motor skills develop more slowly
fine
64
what should a 2 year old be able to do
run/walk
climb, push, pull and hang
starts to jump
learns to pedal tricycle
turn book one page at a time
65
when can the brain begin to multitask when a skill is developed
age 3
66
what does a child need to toilet train
They need to be able to communicate they need to go to the bathroom, have control for the bladder. They need to want to
67
autonomy
ability to make your own decisions
68
what are some things toddlers can do themselves
1. Pick up toys
2. Feed themselves w hands or utensils
3. Dressing themself
69
at what age can a child have the ability to cooperate, share, help and respond empathetically
around age 2
70
when are eating habits developed
early childhood
71
what is the best way to get a child to eat something
feed them what you're feeding
72
what does it mean if a child develops receptive language before expressive
Understands what your saying before they can talk themselves
73
when should a child have a first clear word and can respond to simple commands
by age 1
74
when does language explosion occur
around 21 months
75
toddlers with disabilities effect on families
risk of parenteral rejection
financial strain
abuse/neglect more likely
may be seen as disobediant
76
what is an effective way of disclipline
time out if a child is bad -> one minute for each age
award good behaivor
77
how often should children be physically active
at least 60 minutes a day
78
parallel play
playing aside each other but not with each other. occurs in toddlers
79
what can daycare help improve in ages 1-3
cognitive and language development
80
child maltreatment
any form of harm to children. can be neglect or abuse
81
child abuse
the intentional physical, psychological or sexual injuries inflicted on a child
82
child neglect
the failure of a caregiver to care for child, usually unintentional
83
failure to thrive syndrome
can occur in infants or toddlers
when child is fallen off the growth curve, with no evidence of disease, from malnutrition.
84
5 leading causes of death in a 1-4 year old
unintentional injuries
birth defects
cancer
homicides
heart disease
85
at what age is balance and coordination similar to an adults
age 4
86
when does bones harden and lower body elongonates
preschool age
87
at what age does automaticity develop
age 3
88
at what age can a child skip
age 4
89
when can a child hop on one foot and walk on a balance beam
age 5
90
at what age should a child be able to write their name
age 5
91
at what age does a child use utensils without the need to concentrate
age 4
92
at what age are naps usually fully given up by
age 5 or earlier
93
how many words should a 5 year old have
over 2000
94
what does speech development reflect in preschool age
mental and emotional development
95
is it common for preschool age to talk to themselves often
yes it has no concern. We want them to build communication skills and use pretend play
96
why do girls sometimes have more communication skills than boys
play.
How they play correlates to how they communicate. Little girls have toys that are more encouraged to play with things that can interact like dolls, but boys play with things like trucks which creates less interaction
97
pre-operational period
Piagets
ages 2-7
Uses symbols to learn. They are not quite there yet for understanding how the world works.
98
what is extrinsic vs intrinsic learning
they are both motivations to learning
Intrinsic- do things because things feel good internally
Extrinsic- do things because they will get something out of it- like prize
99
animism
belief in children that all things that move are alive and have human feelings
100
reification
believing dreams and stories are real
101
egocentrism
viewing everything as a personal POV- doesn't understand other peoples
102
symbolic representation
Using something to represent something else
like a rock as a rocketship
103
magical thinking
creating illogical explanations for things that they dont understand
such "i was bad yesterday and now im sick"
104
if we see a issue with kids when should we fix it
immediately
105
head start
free program for young children from low income families helping them succeed
106
issues seen in spectrum disorders
overstimulation
poor eye contact
inflexibility to new routines
limited smiling
want things in certain order
107
causes of autism
unclear
risk factors- family history, males
108
when do children learn morals
around preschool age
ex- sharing, self control
parents are models of this
109
initiative vs guilt
eriksons
ages 4-6
initiative- purposefulness of young children. they want to succeed
110
shame vs guilt
shame- viewed as more painful. comes from core identity. reflects negativity on identity
guilt- feeling about about something particular
111
how do American families deal with tantrums
dismiss emotions and discipline
other cultures focus on problems, emotions, teaching appropriate behavior
112
Hostile aggression
behavior intended to harm others
113
instrumental aggression
behavior not intended to hurt another but does so accidentally
114
assertiveness
standing up for ones rights
115
prosocial behavior
actions intended to benefit others
116
when does frustration occur
when goals are blocked
117
who is most likely to be abused
youngest child
boys at younger ages, girls at older ages
african american children
118
middle childhood ages
6-12
119
focus more on fact than fantasy, forms positive self esteem, close peer relationships, begins to think abstractly, develops secondary sex characteristics
middle childhood
120
physiological changes of middle childhood
Middle childhood ages have a gradual, slow growth until the pre-adolescent growth spurt (which averages age 9 in girls and age 11 in boys). Think about late elementary school when girls are all of a sudden taller than the boys.
sensory organs mature, GI tract more mature
bones are still growing
muscle strength develops
coordination improves
121
how much does avg 6yo weigh
45 lbs
122
how much does avg 12yo weigh
85 lbs
123
what gender has growth spurt first
girls- age 9/10
boys is 11/12
124
when does competition begin, as well as rough play
middle aged children
Competition is good for this age group – mentally, physically, socially. Try different sports and different activities.
125
healthiest age of kids
middle aged
due to fewer illness, increased immunity, better nutrition, decreased stress
126
what can lead to decline in physical activity in middle aged kids (6-12)
TV, video games, unsafe neighborhoods, lack of sidewalks, lack of supervision at home
127
max amount of screen time for age 6-12
2 hours a day.
should be monitored for violent/sexual content
128
pre-operational age
2-7ish
129
concrete operational age
7ish-12
130
concrete operational thinking style
revirsable, flexible, marked by cause and effect
they understand things if they are said/shown in different ways
131
what age group uses language as a effective communication group and can express themselves verbally
middle ages (6-12)
132
how to promote literacy in middle aged groups
reading, good language, peers, drawing, painting, making music, writing, field trips
133
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
An individual’s mental age is divided by chronological age, which is multiplied by 100 to eliminate the decimal point; older versions of how intelligence test scores were computed. So this makes sense because you compare people to others in same age range
134
factors influencing IQ test
no test is perfectly reliable
doesn't measure everything that works against a individuals success
cultural exposure
may be sick, tired, sad, etc
race is not a factor- culture is!
135
In middle childhood, children must learn how to deal with:
The complexities of friendship and justice
Social rules and manners
Gender-role conventions
Obedience to authority
Moral law
136
achievement motivation
An internalized need to persist toward success and excellence.
culturally based; some groups value academic achievement more than others
137
social cognition
thought, knowledge, and understanding that involve the social world
occurs in middle childhood
138
aspects of social cognition
social inferences
social responsibilities
social regulations
139
eriksons industry vs inferiority
age 6-12
gains satisfactory from achieving goals- succeed= industry
kids who dont succeed fear inferiority
140
how to praise children
Encourage tasks that are achievable but challenging
Avoid being punitive, overly demanding
be realistic
141
steps of ethnic development
First step in forming an ethnic identity involves learning which group one belongs to
Second step is learning what it means to belong to that group
develops in early childhood!
142
prejudice vs discrimination
Prejudice - A negative attitude formed without adequate reason and usually directed toward people because of their membership in a certain group
Discrimination - action of treating others in a prejudiced manner
143
what interweaves personality and social behavior
social concept
children become more realistic
144
what is the most important socializing influence for children in middle schoool
family
145
when does bullying peak
middle childhood
146
latchkey children
Left unsupervised after school, because both parents work
some may mature some may isolate
147
should middle aged children be given honest answers about sex
yes
148
IDEIA
Individuals with disabilities education with improvement act
Children who have disabilities are entitled to a free and appropriate education under the provisions of IDEIA.
149
levels of intellectual disability via IQ
mild 55-75 can learn to 6th grade level
moderate 45-55 -needs additional schooling, unlikely to make it past grade 2
severe 25-20- needs group home
profound- under 25. needs constant supervision
150
what gender is learning disorders more common in
boys
151
dyslexia
involves incorrectly perceiving letters and words
152
common characteristics of ADHD in children
Have unrelated thoughts
Not listen when spoken to
Squirms, roams, is restless
Struggles waiting a turn
Interrupts in conversations
153
A person’s ideas about fairness and justice and right and wrong
morality
154
3 phases of moral behaivor
knowledge
emotion
action
155
piagets stages of moral development
1. moral realism- all rules must be obeyed
2. moral relativism- understanding rules are created and agreed on. morality depends on intentions
156
Kohlberg moral reasoning
pre-conventional- based on punishments and rewards
conventional- based on social conformity
post conventional- based on moral principles
157
what percent of children 6-11 is considered obese
18%
158
Resilient children
Children who are able to overcome difficult environments to lead socially competent lives
159
5 leading causes of death in ages 5-9
unintentional injuries
cancer
birth defects
homicide
heart disease
160
5 leading cause of death in ages 10-14
unintentional injuries
suicide
cancer
birth defects
homicide
