test 2

Question 1

in DNA, two polynucleotide stands are held together by ___ bonds.

Answer 1

hydrogen

Question 2

what is the name of the enzyme we used in class?

Answer 2

EcoR1

Question 3

what temperature is the human body temperature in Celisius and Fahrenheit?

Answer 3

37ºC or 98.6ºF

Question 4

DNA is composed of

Answer 4

nucleotides

Question 5

nucleotides on the same strand are linked together by what type of bonds?

Answer 5

phosphodiester

Question 6

a DNA nucleotide includes what type of sugar?

Answer 6

deoxyribose

Question 7

what is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)?

Answer 7

a common genetic change in the gene sequence that helps distinguish the differences in different humans DNA sequences

Question 8

whats a DNA palindrome?

Answer 8

AATCGA
AGCTAA

Question 9

what is the correct order of a ladder?

Answer 9

highest number to lowest

Question 10

which band on a DNA fragment is the smallest?

Answer 10

the bottommost band

Question 11

what is the relationship between DNA fragment length and rate of migration through a gel?

Answer 11

longer fragments = travel slower

Question 12

what is the relationship between agarose concentration and rate of DNA migration through a gel?

Answer 12

higher agarose concentration = slower travel for DNA fragments

Question 13

(true or false) : when looking at gel electrophoresis results, the brighter the band in a gel, the more DNA fragments there are.

Answer 13

true

Question 14

(true or false) : by determining the amount of DNA in a sample, you are able to determine protein in the sample.

Answer 14

false

Question 15

what is the best R^2 value to have?

Answer 15

1.0

Question 16

whats a restriction endonuclease?

Answer 16

its a enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sites (recognition sites)

Question 17

recognition are generally

Answer 17

palindromes

Question 18

what are the 3 restriction enzymes?

Answer 18

EcoRI, Bam I, and Hae III

Question 19

whats RFLP stand for?

Answer 19

restriction fragment length polymorphisms

Question 20

to visualize the progress of the DNA through the gel as it is running, we add a

Answer 20

loading dye

Question 21

what does loading dye do?

Answer 21

weighs down the DNA sample so it falls to the bottom of the well instead of floating away

Question 22

to visualize the bands in the gel, we add what to the gel?

Answer 22

ethidium bromide

Question 23

what does ethidium bromide do?

Answer 23

intercalates (inserts itself between layers of bases) into the DNA and stains it

Question 24

ethidium bromide is a

Answer 24

carcinogen

Question 25

if a person has a SNP at a restriction enzyme recognition site

Answer 25

their DNA will not be cut

Question 26

what is a band?

Answer 26

a bright spot on the gel (indicates a DNA fragment is there)

Question 27

bands vary in brightness due to

Answer 27

how much DNA is there (size and number of fragments)

Question 28

whats a ladder (marker)?

Answer 28

commercially-prepared mix of DNA fragments of known sizes (in bp); can be used to 'guesstimate' the sizes of the other bands

Question 29

bp

Answer 29

base pair; number of nucleotide pairs present in the DNA fragment

Question 30

kb

Answer 30

kilobases; 1kb = 1000bp

Question 31

what is the log scale?

Answer 31

the space between the DNA ladder fragments

Question 32

state of DNA

Answer 32

linear vs. circular vs. supercoiled

Question 33

electrophoresis buffer

Answer 33

provides ions

Question 34

voltage applied

Answer 34

lower voltage = slower migration

Question 35

agarose type

Answer 35

size and density of matrix

Question 36

what does detergent do in cells?

Answer 36

reacts with cell membrane; destroys cell membrane; intracellular components are released

Question 37

what are histones?

Answer 37

a protein that the DNA wrap around so the whole fragment fits in the nucleus

Question 38

whats the ideal purity level for DNA?

Answer 38

1.8-2.0

Question 39

what purity level do nucleic acids absorb maximally at?

Answer 39

260 nm (nitrogenous bases)

Question 40

what purity level do proteins absorb at?

Answer 40

280 nm (tyrosine and tryotiohan)

Question 41

independent variable?

Answer 41

x-axis; the variable the experimenter manipulates or changes

Question 42

dependent variable?

Answer 42

y-axis; the variable that is being tested and measured in the experiment (what is observed and recorded)

Question 43

what is the optimum resolution?

Answer 43

the area of the graph that there is a big change

Question 44

what does the R^2 value measure?

Answer 44

the goodness of fit of the date trendline

Question 45

blunt ends?

Answer 45

when a bond is broken on the same site on both strands

Question 46

sticky ends?

Answer 46

when the bond is broken and leaves staggered positions

Question 47

what temperature do restriction enzymes work best at?

Answer 47

37ºC

Question 48

the longer an incubation time the...

Answer 48

the higher cutting efficiency

Question 49

what is DNA gel electrophoresis?

Answer 49

a technique used to separate DNA fragments by size

Question 50

changing the buffer changes the...

Answer 50

migration of the DNA

Question 51

using purified water instead of a buffer would result in...

Answer 51

no DNA migration

Question 52

what is the voltage kept at to prevent the gel from heating up?

Answer 52

110V

Question 53

what is a comb used for?

Answer 53

it is inserted into the gel to create depressions or wells

Question 54

what is a well?

Answer 54

the holes that DNA is loaded into

Question 55

what is a lane?

Answer 55

the vertical strip of gel below a well

Question 56

the brightness of the band tells you?

Answer 56

the number of fragments at that specific location (the more pieces of DNA the brighter the band)

Question 57

ethidium bromide absorbs UV light and emits...

Answer 57

orange light

Question 58

what ladder do we use and what are it's increments?

Answer 58

1kb - 10,000, 8,000, 6,000, 5,000, 4,000, 3,000, 2,000, 1,500, 1,000, and 500

Question 59

1 kilobase (kb) =

Answer 59

1,000 base pairs (bp)

Question 60

the longer the gel is run...

Answer 60

the farther the DNA fragments in the ladder will migrate

Question 61

what is the reference band?

Answer 61

its at 3,000bp; it contains twice as many DNA fragments as the other bands so its twice as bright