Test 2

Question 1

Circadian rhythm

Answer 1

a rhythm or activity or physiological state that appears to be the result of an internal clock with an approximately 24 hour cycle

Question 2

Entrainment

Answer 2

the process by which the internal circadian rhythm falls into synchrony with the external day/night cycle

Question 3

Free-running rhythm

Answer 3

the rhythm of the internal clock when light/dark input from the environment is removed in experimental studies of circadian rhythm

Question 4

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 4

each of a pair of small nuclei in the hypothalamus of the brain, above the optic chiasma, thought to be concerned with the regulation of physiological circadian rhythms

Question 5

Temporal generalization

Answer 5

when the responses continue for durations that are different yet close to a trained target duration

Question 6

Scalar Expectancy Theory (Pacemaker model)

Answer 6

Scalar expectancy theory does not believe in the existence of a pacemaker to help keep time internally whereas the pacemaker is a key element in the behavioral theory

Question 7

Oscillator model

Answer 7

better guide to neurospecific study of timing.

Question 8

Approximate number system

Answer 8

discriminating between two durations and discriminating between two arrays of objects. Aka discriminating magnitude.

Question 9

Relative numerosities

Answer 9

an approximate quantity in relation to another quantity

Question 10

Approximate number system and math skills

Answer 10

numerical processing forms the foundation for the mathematical counting skills that humans learn.

Question 11

Analog magnitude representation

Answer 11

a ‘noisy’ representation of a set of items that is proportional to the number of items being represented

Question 12

Weber’s law

Answer 12

the principle that states that the just-noticeable difference between two stimuli is a function of the magnitude of the original stimulus. This means that the larger the original stimulus, the larger the just noticeable difference needs to be for it to be detected

Question 13

Parietal cortex

Answer 13

involved in processing attentional awareness of the environment, as well as being able to manipulate objects and give representation to numbers

Question 14

Small set signature

Question 15

Object tracking system

Answer 15

a proposed mechanism that likely underlies small number discrimination and entails a small umber of mental ‘indexes’ for individual objects.

Question 16

Operations

Answer 16

procedures on numbers such as addition or subtraction

Question 17

Addition/Subtraction

Answer 17

non-verbal numeric representations

Question 18

Ordinality

Answer 18

ordered in rank based on their relative magnitudes

Question 19

Choice

Answer 19

the outcome of decision making measured as a motor action or verbal response.

Question 20

Optimal foraging theory

Answer 20

predicts behavioral strategies that maximize net energy gain at the lowest energy cost, thus maximizing fitness

Question 21

Central place foragers

Answer 21

an animal that carries food back to a home base such as a nest or burrow to horde or consume it

Question 22

Handling

Answer 22

the time and energy required to extract a consumable food item from its source

Question 23

Marginal value theorem

Answer 23

the point at which foraging in one patch yields a net energy gain that is lower than the average gain of the habitat

Question 24

Ideal free distribution model

Answer 24

a theory explaining how conspecifics divide themselves during group foraging; the number of animals aggregating at a particular food patch is proportional to the amount of resources available at that patch.

Question 25

Nash equilibrium

Answer 25

making of individuals in a group cannot be understood in isolation. Rather the choices of each individual can be predicted only when the decisions of other within the group are taken into account.

Question 26

Behavioral economics

Answer 26

a field merging behavioral analysis of choice with economics; a description of choice behavior in terms of costs and gains

Question 27

Inelastic

Answer 27

changes in the price of an item have little impact of demand for the item

Question 28

elastic

Answer 28

changes in the price of an item are inversely related to the demand for that item

Question 29

Alternative reinforcers

Question 30

Choice under uncertainty

Answer 30

decision making cannot rely soley on what has happened most recently in the past

Question 31

Heuristics

Answer 31

In decision making a cognitive process that ignores or discounts a portion of available information thereby saving time and mental resources; a informal 'rule of thumb'

Question 32

Algorithms

Answer 32

a specific procedure or set of instructions that will yield the correct solution

Question 33

Sunk cost fallacy

Answer 33

we are making irrational decisions that lead to suboptimal outcomes. We are focused on our past investments instead of present and future costs and benefits, meaning that we commit to decisions that are no longer in our best interests

Question 34

Impulsivity and self-control

Answer 34

preference for a small immediate reward over a large delayed reward

Question 35

Ecological rationality

Answer 35

which explains decision making as a cognitive heuristic applied to a particular environmental context.

Question 36

Emotional decision making

Answer 36

irrational choices are driven by emotions

Question 37

Somatic marker hypothesis

Answer 37

the idea that decision making is informed by bodily reactions that are triggered by emotions

Question 38

Value based decision making

Answer 38

subjective value is dependent on the individual

Question 39

Utility

Answer 39

the subjective value of an outcome

Question 40

Neurological correlates of decision

Answer 40

the minimal neural mechanisms that are together necessary and sufficient for experiencing any conscious percept

Question 41

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

Answer 41

an important region of the brain involved in the processing of rewards and punishments

Question 42

Anterior cingulate cortes (ACC)

Answer 42

It is responsible for cognitive, physiological, and emotional functions. The ACC has a part in the regulation of blood pressure and heart rate

Question 43

Causality

Answer 43

the relation between two events, one of which is the consequence (or effect) of the other (cause)

Question 44

Natural causality

Answer 44

physical causal events in which the generative processes are relative apparent

Question 45

Arbitrary causality

Answer 45

the relationship in which the generative process of the causal interaction are not readily apparent

Question 46

Launching events

Answer 46

physical events have a certain motion pattern that yields the perception of causality

Question 47

Bayesian inference

Answer 47

a form of inference that considers prior probabilities and updates based on new observations

Question 48

Object physics

Answer 48

the regularities in the displacements of objects in their interactions with other objects

Question 49

Object permanence

Answer 49

recognizing that objects exist even when they are out of view

Question 50

Object displacement tasks

Answer 50

a methodological technique used to examine object permanence and the ability to track objects through occlusion

Question 51

Neurological correlates of tool use

Answer 51

representing tools in terms of function even when the tool is not being used

Question 52

Inferior parietal lobule (IPL)

Answer 52

play a role in the creation of action schema or preparing and planning motor actions

Question 53

Functional fixedness

Answer 53

a term used to describe situations in which humans have difficulty ignoring an artifact's original function so as to use it to solve a new problem

Question 54

Extractive foraging

Answer 54

physically extracting food source from the environment

Question 55

tool use examples

Answer 55

modifying objects in ones environment to produce tools ex: Monkey using a stone to crack a nut

Question 56

Caledonian crows

Answer 56

use leaves and sticks to forage in holes for insects. do not require prior input to use the tools themselves

Question 57

Categorization

Answer 57

the cognitive process of classifying items or events into groups based on one or more common features

Question 58

Discrimination

Answer 58

the cognitive process of distinguishing items or events based on one or more distinct features.

Question 59

Concepts

Answer 59

the abstract set of tules that define membership in a category

Question 60

Concept formation

Answer 60

the cognitive process of establishing and updating the abstract set of rules that define membership in a category.

Question 61

Exemplar

Answer 61

a distinct item within a category

Question 62

Stimulus generalization

Answer 62

measure the strength of responding to different stimuli.

Question 63

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 63

providing feedback on how to categorize stimuli according to to sensory properties

Question 64

Pseudocategories

Answer 64

a random collection of stimuli that have no obvious cohesive feature

Question 65

Conspecific recognition

Answer 65

the identification of one member of a species by another member of the same species

Question 66

Kin recognition

Answer 66

a form of social categorization that involves recognition of genetic relations

Question 67

Phenotypic matching

Answer 67

a possible mechanism of kin recognition in which an individual compares a conspecific's phenotype with it's own

Question 68

Individual recognition

Answer 68

a form of social categorization that involves the recognition of a specific member of the same species based on individual features and not familiarity.

Question 69

Neurological correlates of concept formation

Answer 69

specific features of a stimulus activated neurons in one cortical region or another

Question 70

Prefrontal cortex (PFC)

Answer 70

receives input from a number of cortical regions that process signals from different sensory modalities.