test 2

Question 1

animal vs plant life cycles

Answer 1

animal - goes through mitosis once to create organism, and then goes through meiosis once to create haploid cells
plant - goes through mitosis to create sporophyte, then meiosis to create spores, to create gametophyte, and then mitosis to create haploid cells

Question 2

first and last cells of each plant life cycle generation (mitosis vs meiosis)

Answer 2

first cell of sporophyte - zygote
last cell of sporophyte - spores
first cell of gametophyte - spores
last cell of gametophyte - gametes

Question 3

male and female gametophyte

Answer 3

what and where, relation to sporophyte, liverworts and mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms

Question 4

function of nuclei in pollen grain

Answer 4

one nuclei creates the generative nuclei, the second creates tube nucleus

Question 5

function of sperm produced by generative nucleus

Answer 5

the first fuses with an egg to create zygote, the second fuses with the central nuclei to create endosperm

Question 6

cotyledon function in monocot and dicots

Answer 6

monocot - energy transfer
dicot - energy storage

Question 7

criteria for seed germination

Answer 7

H2O and O2 are needed for cellular respiration and enzymatic breakdown of energy storage molecules
soil temp - cool season vs warm season plants

Question 8

whats in a seed

Answer 8

monocot -
dicot -

Question 9

warm season and cold season plants

Answer 9

cool season - germinate at soil temp of 7-30* C
warm season - germinate at soil temp of 16-35* C

Question 10

mechanisms for breaking dormancy

Answer 10

scarification - breakage of seed coat
repeated freezing and thawing of soil - ensures the seed has been through a winter when the temperature is appropriate
gut passage through herbivore
mechanical abrasion by humans
washing of inhibitory chemicals - ensures water persists long enough to allow seedling establishment
exposure to light - small seeds run out of energy
exposure to fire

Question 11

mechanisms for seed dispersal

Answer 11

passive - wind, water, ballistic, shaker, animal
passive - animal

Question 12

changes in embryo weight, food reserves, and h2o

Answer 12

fertilization - embryo biomass starts low, energy storage starts low, water starts high
dormancy - biomass stays low, energy storage gets high, water gets low
germination - biomass gets very high, energy gets super low, water gets high

Question 13

fermentation and limits of alcohol concentration

Answer 13

fermentation - anaerobic biochemical process performed by yeast, simple sugars are broken down to produce ATP, creating CO2 and ethyl alcohol as waste
alcohol can only become 18% concentrated without distillation

Question 14

malting

Answer 14

sprouted grain, initiates conversation of endosperm to sugar for fermentation

Question 15

distillation and proof

Answer 15

purifying a liquid by heating and cooling
proof = 2x alcohol content

Question 16

plant sugar sources for alcoholic beverages

Answer 16

barley - bourbon whiskey, beer
corn - bourbon whiskey, chicha
wheat - beer
grapes - wine, brandy
molasses - rum
potatoes - vodka
agave pulque - tequila
rye - rye whiskey,
cassava - chicha

Question 17

relationship between blood alcohol content and weight

Answer 17

the more you weigh, the harder it is to increase your blood alcohol content to the same level

Question 18

effects of alcohol on fetal development

Answer 18

alcohol has negative impacts on fetal development

Question 19

photosynthesis function and relationship to cellular respiration

Answer 19

inorganic carbon converted to organic carbon
creates sugars
the products fuel cellular respiration

Question 20

chloroplast structure

Answer 20

grana (light reactions)
stroma (light independent reactions)

Question 21

light reactions

Answer 21

function - turns light energy into chemical energy
location - grana
inputs - light energy, H2O, ADP, NADP+
outputs - ATP, NADPH2, O2 as waste

Question 22

light independent reactions

Answer 22

function - produce sugar
location - stroma
inputs - APT, NADPH, CO2
outputs - ADP, NADP+, glucose

Question 23

englemanns experiment

Question 24

function of accessory pigments

Answer 24

pigments that create leaf colors that are not green, absorbs additional wavelengths, broaden the amount of light absorbed but pass it on to the chlorophyll to turn it into energy

Question 25

function of antennae molecules and reaction center

Answer 25

antennae molecules - focus photons to reaction center, intensifies reaction reaction center - where the magnesium is, reaction happens within reaction center

Question 26

source of excited electrons from reaction center, and O2 waste

Answer 26

the sun makes the electrons excited, light reaction

Question 27

function of RuBP carboxylase (RUBISCO)

Answer 27

the catalyst of binding RuBP to CO2 during nitrogen fixation

Question 28

why are c3 plants inefficient in high light environments, and why c4 are better

Answer 28

RuBP cant differentiate between CO2 and O2 (and they compete for the same site on RuBISCO) C4 reactions - separate light reactions from light independent reactions physically

Question 29

conditions favoring CAM plants, how is photosynthesis modified

Answer 29

efficient in hot, arid regions light reactions and light independent reactions are separated by time

Question 30

water potential (influence of osmotic, matrix, and pressure)

Answer 30

water potential - a measure of water "deficit" relative to an adjacent area osmotic potential - measures the amount of solutes dissolved in a fluid (more solutes = more negative osmotic potential) matrix potential - measures the amount of solid surfaces to which a fluid is exposed (more solids = more negative matrix potential) pressure potential - measures the force with which plant cell walls push back when stretched (measures as turgor pressure) turgor pressure - pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall high turgor pressure keeps stomata open

Question 31

how do plants regulate WP in roots

Answer 31

endodermis - a cylinder of cells enclosing the vascular tissue within the root center casparian strip - allows a plant to regulate water intake by preventing water movement between cells of the endodermis, forcing water movement through endodermal cells

Question 32

influence of soil particle size and salts on WP in soil

Answer 32

high salinity or very negative soil matrix potential (fine soils) makes it harder for plants to extract water from soil (<-1.5 MPa)

Question 33

polar nature of H2O

Answer 33

importance of water movement - means that plants can take up more water because it will always continue to be taken up from high concentration to low concentration cohesion - when water sticks to itself because of the polarity adhesion - when water sticks to other things because of its polarity (soil??) opposite electrical charges at opposite poles

Question 34

transpiration

Answer 34

definition - water leaving through leaves of plants (through stomata) variation in rate with environmental conditions - humidity, temperature, and wind

Question 35

how does sugar move

Answer 35

phloem loading - pumps sugar from source into phloem (requires energy) H2O diffuses into sieve cells which swell and increases turgor pressure pushes bulk flow towards low pressure, sugar is pumped out which creates less negative osmotic potential for water to move in (low pressure)

Question 36

function of sieve cells

Answer 36

conduct sugar towards the sink hollow and have a point of high turgor pressure and low turgor pressure that facilitates the movement do not have nucleus (or organelles)

Question 37

function of companion cells

Answer 37

have nucleus gives directions to sieve cells

Question 38

function difference in macro vs micronutrients

Answer 38

macronutrients - required by plants in large amounts - building blocks micronutrients - required in small amounts - cofactors in enzyme reactions

Question 39

identity and use of macronutrients

Answer 39

C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S Carbon - CO2 from atmosphere (phospholipids, sugars, amino acids) Hydrogen - H2O from soil (phospholipids, sugars, amino acids) Oxygen - H2O from soil (phospholipids, sugars, amino acids) Nitrogen - from soil (plant food) Phosphorous - from soil (plant food, phospholipids, ATP) Potassium - from soil (plant food) Calcium - from soil, strengthens cell walls (plant food) Magnesium - from soil, gives up electrons as first step in converting sunlight to chemical energy (plant food) Sulfur - from soil, component in 2 amino acids (plant food)

Question 40

identity of micronutrients

Answer 40

Mn, Mo, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, B, Cl general function - cofactors for enzymatic reactions

Question 41

steps in the nitrogen cycle

Answer 41

atmospheric nitrogen (N2) goes through nitrogen fixation to create NH4, which can go through nitrification (NO3) which can go through denitrification to create atmospheric nitrogen organic nitrogen(N), from assimilation, can go through ammonification to create ammonium

Question 42

phosphorous cycling

Answer 42

phosphorous lost through sedimentation that may not be biologically available again for millennia

Question 43

what is a hormone

Answer 43

a chemical substance produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part where it controls a specific metabolic process

Question 44

function of auxin

Answer 44

stimulates hydrogen into cell walls - weakens them - cell expands cell elongation= tropisms phototropism - movement in response to light (cells on shady side of plant elongate to push it over0 thigmotropism - movement in response to touch geotropism - movement in response to gravity fruit enlargement, inhibits growth of lateral buds

Question 45

function of gibberellin

Answer 45

breaks down endosperm prior to germination (promotes germination), stimulates rapid cell division

Question 46

cytokinin

Answer 46

induces cell division, prevents senescence, directs growth (works with auxin), produced at tips of roots

Question 47

ethylene

Answer 47

gas, fruit ripening and loosening, flowering, leaf abscision, stem thickening (growing in all directions in response to stress)

Question 48

abscisic acid

Answer 48

regulates stomata, maintains dormancy (inhibits germination), counteracts effects of other hormones

Question 49

interactions between auxin and gibberellin

Answer 49

rapid stem growth bolting - combo rapid cell division and cell elongation

Question 50

interactions between auxin and cytokinin

Answer 50

auxin - produced in apical meristem of shoots cytokinin - produced in apical meristem of roots high A/C ratio (more auxin) = root growth low A/C ratio (more cytokinin) = stem growth