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Psyc 112 > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of development? (4)

A

Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete operational, Formal operational

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2
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s development model?

A
  • 0-2 years
  • understanding is routed in sensory and motor experience
  • achieve object permanence
  • emergence of symbolic thought ( language to represent objects, needs, actions)
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3
Q

What is the pre-operational stage of Piaget’s development model?

A
  • 2-7 years
  • lack ability to engage in mental operations
  • greater symbolic representation
  • do not understand conservation of properties (mass, volume, quantity)
  • animism, egocentricism, centration
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4
Q

What is the concrete operational stage of Piaget’s development model?

A
  • 7-12 years
  • Can think logically about concrete objects/situations
  • serial ordering, reversibility
  • can’t solve hypothetical or abstract reasoning problems
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5
Q

What is the formal operational stage of Piaget’s development model?

A
  • Can think logically about concrete objects/situations
  • Formal thinking increases throughout adolescence
  • More creative, enjoy brain teasers
  • Not all adults reach this stage and fall back on heuristics
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6
Q

What were Vygotsky’s theories? (2)

A
  • Scaffolding - older child or adult help by providing step by step instruction
  • Zone of proximal development - what a child can accomplish by themselves and with the help of others
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7
Q

What are the 4 temperament categories for babies? And what characterizes them?

A

Easy (40%) - cheerful, regular in routines, open to novelty
Difficult (10%) - irritable, negative reactions to changes/new situations
Slow to warm up (15%) - less active and responsive
Unique (35%) - blends of characteristics from other categories

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8
Q

What did Harlow find in his monkey experiments?

A
  • Monkeys would pick a mother that could provide comfort over a wire mother that provided food
  • being loved a baby is critically important
  • Children attach for things other than food
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9
Q

What are the patterns of attachment? (4)

A

Secure (60%) - explore, positively react to stranger, happy, great mom happily
Anxious-resistant (10%) - fearful, demands moms attention, distressed when. mom leaves, not soothed with return
Anxious-avoidant (15%) - few signs of attachment, don’t cry when mom leaves, don’t seek contact
Disorganized/Disoriented (15%) - no reliable manner of coping with separation and reunions

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10
Q

What are the parenting styles? (4) What one is considered the best?

A

Authoritarian, Authoritative, Indulgent, Negleting
Authoritative

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11
Q

What is an authoritative parenting style? What kinds of kids does it produce?

A
  • Demanding but caring, good child-parent communication
  • Kids with higher self-esteem
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12
Q

What is an authoritarian parenting style? What kinds of kids does it produce?

A
  • Assertion of parental power without warmth
  • Kids with lower self esteem
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13
Q

What is an indulgent parenting style? What kinds of kids does it produce?

A
  • Warm towards child but lax in setting limits
  • Immature, poor self control
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14
Q

What is an neglecting parenting style? What kinds of kids does it produce?

A
  • Indifferent and uninvolved with child
  • Impulsive, aggressive, poop peer relationships
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15
Q

What are Erikson’s childhood and adolescent psychological stages? (8)

A

Childhood
- Trust vs. mistrust (1st year)
- Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1-2 yrs.)
- Initiative vs. guilt (3-5 yrs.)
- Industry vs. inferiority (6-12 yrs.)
Adolescent and adult
- Identity vs. role confusion (12-20 yrs.)
- Intimacy vs. isolation (20-40 yrs.)
- Generativity vs. stagnation (40-60 yrs.)
- Integrity vs. despair (60+ yrs.)

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16
Q

What are Marcia’s 4 identity stages?

A

Identity diffusion - not yet gone through identity crisis
Foreclosure - adopting identity without going through identity crisis
Moratorium - currently going through identity crisis
Identity achievement - successfully gone through identity crisis

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17
Q

What are Freud’s 3 levels of consciousness? And what do they represent?

A

Conscious - events we’re presently aware of
Preconscious - memories, thoughts, feelings we’re unaware of but can be recalled consciously
Unconscious - wishes, feelings, impulses, that lie beyond awareness

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18
Q

What are Freud’s structures of personality? (3)

A

Id, Superego, Ego

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19
Q

What does the id represent?

A
  • Operates according to the pleasure principle
  • exists totally within the unconscious
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20
Q

What does the superego represent?

A
  • socially developed aspect of personality, motivates us to behave in normal ways
  • Contains values, ideals
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21
Q

What does the ego represent?

A
  • Operates according to reality principle
  • Tests reality to see when the id can safely discharge its impulses and satisfy its needs
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22
Q

According to Freud, when does anxiety occur? And how does the ego deal with the problem?

A
  • Impulses from id threaten to get out of control, ego perceives danger from environment
  • Coping strategies, defence mechanisms
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23
Q

What are Freud’s psychosexual stages?

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

24
Q

What are the defence mechanisms? (8)

A

Repression, Denial, Displacement, Intellectualism, Projection, Rationalization, Reaction Formation, Sublimation

25
What is the repression coping mechanism? And an example?
- Keep anxiety arousing memories and feelings from entering consciousness - primary coping strategy for ego - Not remembering events of a car crash
26
What is the denial coping mechanism? And an example?
- Person refuses to acknowledge anxiety arousing aspects of environment - Not wanting to talk about a class that's stressful
27
What is the displacement coping mechanism? And an example?
- Unacceptable impulse is repressed and directed at safer substitute target
28
What is the intellectualism coping mechanism? And an example?
- emotion connected with upsetting event is repressed and situation is dealt with as intellectually interesting event - Reframe as intellectual theory
29
What is the projection coping mechanism? And an example?
- unacceptable impulse is repressed and attributed to others
30
What is the rationalization coping mechanism? And an example?
- person constructs false but plausible explanation for anxiety arousing behaviour that has occurred - explaining wasting money gambling as entertainment
31
What is the reaction formation coping mechanism? And an example?
- anxiety arousing impulse repressed and its psychic energy finds release in exaggerated expression of opposite behaviour - mother that resents child spoils it
32
What is the sublimation coping mechanism? And an example?
- Repressed impulse is released in form of socially acceptable or admired behaviour
33
What did Alfred Adler believe?
- Personality was formed more by social conflict than sexual tension - All humans feel small, weak and helpless in first years of life and grow up trying to compensate - Humans are social beings who are motivated by social interest - People are constantly striving for superiority
34
What did Carl Jung believe?
- People possessed personal unconscious based on life experience and social unconscious - Collective unconscious is a type of memory bank that stores images and ideas that humans have accumulated over evolution - Explains phobias of snakes, spiders
35
What did Carl Rogers believe?
- Behaviour is response too our immediate conscious experience of self and environment - People usually place conditions of worth on us - Unconditional positive regard is important, mom will love me no matter what
36
What are the big 5 personality traits?
Openness to experience vs. resistance Conscientious vs. impulsiveness Extroversion vs. introversion Agreeableness vs. antagonism Neuroticism vs. emotional stability
37
What is fundamental attribution error?
- Tendency to overestimate personality factors in other people than external factors - Assuming someone is clumsy when they trip but looking to see what you tripped on when you trip, rather than being clumsy
38
What is conformity?
- decisions made in groups depend more on group structure and dynamics compared to personal factors
39
What was the Stanford Prison study?
- Male university students, assigned randomly to be guards or prisoner - To understand how people react to authority
40
What were the major findings of the Stanford prison study?
- people will take on the role assigned - people will disregard morals/values - power of social roles - participants lost their identities and morals/values
41
What were the ethical concerns about the Stanford prison study?
- Abused participants - Lasting effects/impacts - Prisoners psychologically distressed - Not letting them leave - Researcher took active role in study - No informed consent - Prisoners were arrested, searched
42
What was Milgram's obedience study?
- test was designed to see whether people would obey and authority figure when directly ordered to violate their ethical standards - teacher giving electric shock to learner when incorrectly answered word pair questions
43
What percent of people would go all the way to the end of Milgram's obedience study if the authority figure took responsibility?
60-65%
44
What are the factors leading to disobedience? (5)
1. Experimenter left the room 2. Victim was in the room 3. 2 experimenters issued conflicting demands 4. Person ordering them to continue was an ordinary man 5. Participant worked with peers who refused to go on
45
What is the bystander effect?
Individuals in crowds failure to take action or get help because they assume someone else will
46
What is de-individuation?
- People act out of character for themselves in age crowds - decrease in self-awareness leads to disinhibited behaviour - ex. Stanley Cup riots in 2011 Vancouver
47
What is the just-world phenomenon?
people need to believe that the world is fair and bad people get punished and good get rewarded
48
What is the foot in the door persuasion technique?
Get people to comply with smaller request before asking them to comply with something larger. Ex. Asking people to wear a ribbon for a day before asking them to donate.
49
What is in-group vs out-group?
50
What is groupthink?
Tendency to suspend critical judgement because of striving to seek agreement
51
What are the stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
52
What characterizes the alarm phase of General Adaptation Syndrome?
- Body releases cortisol - fight or fight response - body mobilizes sympathetic nervous system to deal with immediate threat
53
What characterizes the resistance phase of General Adaptation Syndrome?
- body attempts to resist or cope with stressor that can't be avoided - physiological responses occur but increase vulnerability to other stressors
54
What characterizes the exhaustion phase of General Adaptation Syndrome?
- persistent stress depletes body of energy - increased vulnerability to physical problems and illness
55
What are the 3 personality types?
A - impatient, verbally aggressive, always pushing themselves and others B - more relaxed and go with the flow C - more vulnerable to stress, positive attitudes but unable to express negative feelings
56
What personality type is more likely to develop heart disease?
A
57
What are 2 types of coping?
Emotion focused coping - deals with emotional impact and leave stressor Problem focused coping - deals with stressor

Psyc 112 (3 decks)

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