Test 2 Flashcards

Question

Oligo

Answer 1

to provide the body with energy

Answer 2

brain and nervous system

Answer 3

- less expensive than protein - multiple health benefits - High-fat diets are associated with chronic disease

Answer 4

- important structural components in cell walls, membranes, and connective tissues - principal component of nucleic acid (DNA, RNA) - Active in immunological function (lipopolysaccharide)

Answer 5

Simple sugars (Mono, Disaccharides) and Complex CHO

Answer 6

Monosaccharides - Glucose - Fructose - Galactose Disaccharides - Sucrose - Lactose - Maltose

Answer 7

Starches (breads, pasta, rice, potatoes, etc.) - stored as glycogen in the body Fiber/Cellulose/Hemicellulose

Answer 8

- simple sugars are the building blocks - all carbs are composed of single sugars, alone or in various combinations

Answer 9

Glucose and fructose

Answer 10

Glucose and galactose

Answer 11

Glucose and glucose

Answer 12

- blood sugar - most common carb - AKA dextrose - main source of energy - most quickly absorbed

Answer 13

- fruit sugar - absorbed much slower than glucose - predominantly absorbed in the liver - no insulin is required to be used - generally refined from corn starch - 15-80% sweeter than sucrose - natural sources include: fruits, honey, sugar cane, sugar beets, and some vegetables

Answer 14

- table sugar - single most abundant pure organic chemical in the world - whether refined or raw, this is common sugar

Answer 15

Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Polysaccharides

Answer 16

short chains of monosaccharides (2-10) linked covalently by glycosidic bond

Answer 17

long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds (>10)

Answer 18

Hydroxyl on carbon 1 is pointing down (above the ring)

Answer 19

Hydroxyl on carbon 1 is pointing up (below the ring)

Answer 20

Alpha and Beta forms of carbohydrates - Alpha is starch - Beta is cellulose

Answer 21

when the -OH on the 1st monosaccharide reacts with the carbon atom on the 2nd monosaccharide

Answer 22

- trisaccharide - gal - glc - fru

Answer 23

- tetrasaccharide - gal - gal - glc - fru - found in soy beans

Answer 24

repeating units of glucose

Answer 25

- ~50% of total calories consumed - <10% of total calories from added sugars - 14 grams/day

Answer 26

We are advised to choose plenty of whole foods like from farmers markets and fewer foods from boxes and don’t resemble their original farm-grown products

Answer 27

storage and structural

Answer 28

- A mixture of "glucans" that plants synthesize as their principle food reserve - They are found in the cytoplasm of plant cells as insoluble granules composed of (1) alpha-amylose and (2) amylopectin - starch and glycogen

Answer 29

- Energy storage polysaccharide in animals ONLY (found in the liver and muscle tissue) - Structure resembles that of amylopectin, but it is more highly branched with branch points occurring every 8 to 12 glucose residues

Answer 30

- structural polysaccharide - Primary structural component of plant cell walls - >1/2 of the carbon in the biosphere

Answer 31

substances of biological origin that are soluble in organic solvents such as hexane and ether, but only sparingly soluble in H2O

Answer 32

- most concentrates source of food energy - excess energy intake is stored in fat within adipose cells - adipose tissue insulates and cushions the body and vital organs

Answer 33

- absorbs and retains flavor - tenderizes/shortens - improves palatability - delays gastric emptying and contributes to a feeling of satiety - serves as a carrier for fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 34

- triglycerides - phospholipids - sterols - phytosterols

Answer 35

oil, butter, margarine, and shortening

Answer 36

determined by the specific fatty acids present, the number of carbon atoms present, saturated or unsaturated fatty acids, positions, configuration and orientation

Answer 37

- Saturated - Cis-monosaturated - Cis-polyunsaturated - Trans fatty acid

Answer 38

- short hand notation - trivial/common name - IUPAC name

Answer 39

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

Answer 40

- fatty acid carrying the maximum number of hydrogen atoms - found in animal foods such as meat, poultry, full-fat diary products, and tropical oils

Answer 41

Butyric Acid

Answer 42

Caproic Acid

Answer 43

Caprylic Acid

Answer 44

Capric Acid

Answer 45

Lauric Acid

Answer 46

Myristic Acid

Answer 47

Palmitic Acid

Answer 48

Stearic Acid

Answer 49

- A fatty acid with 1 or more sites of unsaturation (double bonds) - Found in foods from both plant and animal origin - Further divided into mono fatty acids and poly fatty acids

Answer 50

IUPAC System - Count # of carbon atoms from the carboxylic acid end of molecule N-System - Count # of carbon atoms from the methyl (-CH3) or omega end

Answer 51

- Primary oleic acid - One double bond - Energy source - Membrane structure - A diet rich in MUFAs and low SFAs, markedly decreases bad cholesterol and blood triglyceride levels, while maintaining good cholesterol levels

Answer 52

Linoleic Acid and Alpha-linoleic AcidPO

Answer 53

- Linoleic Acid and alpha-linolenic acid cannot be synthesized - Membrane structure fatty acids Possesses cell signaling pathways - Diets rich in PUFAs and low in SFAs decrease LDL (bad cholesterol) and blood triglyceride levels as well as raising good cholesterol (HDL) levels

Answer 54

- Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) - Arachidonic acid - Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) - Docosahexaonoic (DHA)

Answer 55

- Double bonds carry a slightly negative charge and readily accept positively charged hydrogen atoms, creating a saturated fatty acid - Most often, fat is partially hydrogenated, creating a trans-fatty acid

Answer 56

- A type of fatty acid created when an unsaturated fat is "partially" hydrogenated with H2 gas - They are found primarily in margarines, shortenings, commercial frying fats, and baked goods - Trans-fatty acids have been implicated in research as culprits in heart disease - They increase "bad" LDL-cholesterol levels as well as decrease "good" HDL-cholesterol levels - Almost similar effects compared to ingestion of diet high in saturated fatty acids

Answer 57

contain other components in addition to glycerol and fatty acids

Answer 58

Lipids which upon hydrolysis give glycerol, fatty acids, inorganic phosphate and an organic base

Answer 59

An organic (carbon containing) compound necessary for normal physiological function that cannot be synthesized in adequate amounts, and must be obtained in the diet

Answer 60

A vitamin precursor is a compound that is converted to its active form (i.e. a vitamin) through normal metabolic processes

Answer 61

Water Soluble and Fat Soluble

Answer 62

- Absorbed directly into the blood - stored in the short term - detected in the kidneys and excreted in the urine - possibly toxic - requires daily intake

Answer 63

- absorbed in the lymph then blood - is a protein carrier - stored in the long term - remains in fat storage sites , less readily excreted - likely toxic - requires regular intake

Answer 64

- Eyes - essential nutrient - main functions include: helping vision and eyes, maintains health, promotes reproduction and growth, and immunity - found in veggies, daily, and liver

Answer 65

Night blindness and embryo defects

Answer 66

- Bones - main functions include: bone making and maintenance, helps absorb dietary calcium, makes calcium and phosphorus available in blood - found in sunlight, fortified milk, eggs and fish

Answer 67

Children = Ricket's Disease Adults = Osteomalacia Low calcium absorption + low blood calcium = bone deficiency

Answer 68

- Muscles - main functions is an antioxidant in the body - stored in adipose tissue - found in oils and nuts - widespread

Answer 69

- Rare - premature fetus - those who cannot absorb fats

Answer 70

- Blood and Blood Cells - Main functions include: blood clotting, synthesis of proteins involved in clotting, bone health, coagulation and regulates calcium (with V-D) - found in green-leafy vegetables

Answer 71

- Rare - Maybe if you take antibiotics

Answer 72

- A unit of measurement for the amount of a substance, based on measured biological activity - It is used for vitamins, hormones, vaccines, etc. - The precise definition of one differs from substance to substance

Answer 73

- Skin, Bones, Infections - helps to form collagen, enhances immune system, antioxidant - essential nutrient

Answer 74

- Acts primarily as a coenzyme in reactions that release energy from carbohydrates - Deficiency disease = Beriberi

Answer 75

- It is important for body growth and red blood cell production and helps in releasing energy from carbohydrates - Deficiency of this is not common in the US because this vitamin is plentiful in the food supply - Symptoms of severe deficiency in 3rd world countries include: Anemia, Mouth or lip cores (causes stomatitis), Skin disorders, Sore throat, Swelling of mucus membranes - Deficiency Disease = Ariboflavinosis

Answer 76

- Part of coenzyme for energy - Deficiency disease = Pellagra - Can be made from the amino acid tryptophan in the body

Answer 77

- Metabolism - assists in the balancing of sodium and potassium as well as promoting red blood cell production - required for the production of neurotransmitters in the brain - Dietary Sources: An excellent source of pyridoxine is dragon fruit from south east Asia; Other sources include fortified cereal, bananas, and salmon

Answer 78

- Can be synthesized by bacteria, yeasts, molds, algae, and some plant species - Biotin is found in many foods, but generally in lower amounts than other B vitamins - found in Egg yolk, liver, and yeastF

Answer 79

- helps women with pregnancies and has shown to help decrease neural tube defects - found in food and supplements (but much more available in supplements)

Answer 80

- For healthy blood cells and nerve cells and metabolism - Good sources include: Clams, Mussels, Crabs, Salmon - Deficiency Disease = Pernicious Anemia

Answer 81

- Everyone needs to get enough choline in their diets to stay healthy - The nutrient is especially critical during pregnancy and breastfeeding - The nutrient may also help with cognitive function during fetal and infant brain development

Answer 82

Niacin = Nausea, headaches, cramps, ulcer Vitamin B6 = Depression, fatigue, headaches, nerve damage, waking problems Folic Acid = diarrhea, insomnia, irritability

Answer 83

Beriberi - Symptoms: Muscle Wasting, Nerve Damage - Good Sources: Pork, Soy (legumes), Whole Grain

Answer 84

Pellagra - Symptoms (4D's): Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia, Death - Good Sources: Protein, Milk, Fish, Chicken, Whole Grains

Answer 85

Scurvy - Symptoms: Bleeding Gums, Hemorrhages, Open Wounds, Loose Teeth - Good Sources: Fruits and Vegetables

Answer 86

- Small Quantities, naturally-occurring, inorganic, chemical-'elements' - Serve as structural components and function in many vital processes in the body

Answer 87

- Calcium (Ca) - Magnesium (Mg) - Phosphorus (P) - Sodium (Na) - Potassium (K) - Chloride (Cl) - Sulfur (S)

Answer 88

- Iron (Fe) - Zinc (Zn) - Copper (Cu) - Fluoride (F) - Selenium (Se) - Iodine (I) - Chromium (Cr) - Manganese (Mn) - Molybdenum (Mo)

Answer 89

- Calcium - Magnesium - Phosphorus - Fluoride

Answer 90

- Iron - Zinc - Copper

Answer 91

- Sulfur - Iodine - Chromium

Answer 92

Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium

Answer 93

- A chronic disease that makes a person's bones weak and more likely to break - ~ 10 million Americans have this and another 44 million have low bone density, placing them at increased risk - Direct care costs for fractures alone are already up to $19 billion annually

Answer 94

- A balanced diet rich in Calcium - Exercise - No smoking or excessive alcohol intake - Bone density testing and medication when needed

Answer 95

- Dairy (Milk, Cheese, Yogurt) - Dark green vegetables (Broccoli, Kale) - Orange Juice - Salmon - Sardines with bones

Answer 96

Anemia - fatigue - headaches - shortness of breath

Answer 97

- Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells - Helps transport O2 - Sources: Canned Clams, Cereal, white beans, lentils, spinach, beef liver, chick peas, beef, mushrooms (all cooked, boiled, fried, etc.)

Answer 98

- Supports energy regulation - Critical for synthesis of our thyroid hormone - Supports reproduction and growth - is present in very few foods

Answer 99

Goiter - enlargement of the thyroid gland

Answer 100

- Works in combination with Vitamin E - For thyroid function, protection from toxins and free radicals, and enhances immunity - Found mainly in brazil nuts

Test 2 Flashcards

Carbs, Lipids, Vitamins, Minerals, and More (127 cards)