Test 2 Flashcards by Dylan Vo

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created nor
destroyed, but can be transformed

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Second Law of Thermodynamics

Disorder always increases (+ ∆S)

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∆H<0

Exothermic

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∆H>0

endothermic

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∆G<0

Exergonic

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∆G>0

Endergonic

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The higher the activation energy “hump” the _ the reaction

slower

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provides alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy

catalyst

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_ increases the rate of a reaction

catalyst

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Catalysts cannot do what

cannot change equilibrium position, cannot change Delta G or free energy of reaction

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The higher G°‡ the _ the reaction

slower

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catalyst lower_and speed up reaction

G°‡

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G° equation

ΔG° = - RT ln Keq

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what is zero order kinetics

rate does not depend on concentration of substrate

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what is first order kinetics

rate depends on concentration of substrate

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Michaelis-Menten equation

V0= (V max [S])/(KM + [S]). Vmax or Vm is the max velocity of the enzyme. KM is the steady-state constant or Michaelis constant

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KM equation

KM= [S] at Vmax/2

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at [S] , KM-> low V init

enzyme not very active

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at [S] <KM-> high V init</KM->

enzyme more active

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what is Km

substrate concentrate at 1/2 Vmax

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what is Km

concentration of substrate at cellular concentration in most cases

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Different substrates of the same enzyme have different?

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Low values of Km indicate ?

tighter binding affinity

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Michaelis Menten cure can be transformed into ?

a straight line

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what is a reversible inhibition

an inhibitor that binds to and dissociates from an enzyme form reaching equilibrium

what are the most common ways enzymes are regulated

cellular regulators, drugs

what are the types of reversible inhibition

competitive, non competitive

job of competitive inhibition

S competes with inhibitor I for active site on E ➔ either S or I binds to E ➔ more substrate required to reach a given reaction velocity

job of noncompetitive inhibition

Inhibitor can bind to E or ES; S can bind to E or EIDifferent binding sites!

is is the branch of thermodynamics that deals with living organisms

bioenergetics

total heat content (delta H)

enthalpy

three factors that effect bioenergetic/biochemical reactions

enthalpy, entropy, free energy

state of disorder (delta S)

entropy

energy available to do chemical work

free energy

predictor of spontaneity (delta G)

free energy

first law of thermodyanamics

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can be transformed

second law of thermodynamics

Disorder always increases (+delta S)

third law of dynamics

As the temperature of a perfect crystalline solid approaches absolute zero, disorder (S) approaches zero (0ºK or -273ºC)

exothermic meaning

gives off heat (negative delta H)

endothermic meaning

absorbs heat (positive delta H)

exothermic or endothermic reactions are ones that are often favored?

exothermic-but cannot be used to predict the direction of reactions

physical or chemical changes resulting in a realse of energy are?

spotaneous

_reactions require constant energy output

non-spontaneous

_is the missing factor to determine the direction of a reaction

entropy-delta S

All spontaneous processes occur in the direction that increases _

disorder (deltaS >0)

_ is the measure of disorder of a system

entropy

more disorder the higher the _

entropy-drives reactions

_is the combination of first and second laws of thermodynamics

Free energy (G)

delta G equation

delta G= delta H - T delta S

three possible values for free energy _

negative, positive, zero

reaction is favorable when delta G is less than _

zero

when reaction the negative heat term (delta H) is dominant, the reaction is _ driven

enthalpy

if _ is more dominant, the reaction is entropy driven

T delta S

are endergonic reactions spotaneous or non

non spontaneous

delta G is greater than zero in what reactions

endergonic

what reaction is unfavorable thermodynamically

endergonic

what reaction is reverse reaction favored

endergonic

metabolism has how many branches

two-anabolism, catabolism

what is anabolism

large, complex molecules synthesized from smaller precursors

what does anabolism require

requires enrgy (ATP and NADPH are the energy sources)

Catabolism is what

large, complex molecules degraded into smaller, simpler product

_releases energy

catabolism

anaerobic process that does not need O2

Glycolysis

_occurs in almost every living cell

Glycolysis

ancient process central to all life

glycolysis

spllit glucose intwo three-carbon pyruvate units

glucose catabolism-glycolysis

catabolic process that captures some energy as 2 ATP and 2 NADH

glucose catabolism-glycolysis

where does the Kreb Cycle occur

Mitochondria

in the Kreb Cycle, cytosolic pyruvate must cross two membrane of_

mitochondria

Outer membrane can be crossed using_ in the Kreb Cyle

porins

Inner membrane can be crossed using _ in the Kreb Cycle

transport proteins

three process in aerobic metabolism

citric acid cycle, electron trasport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation

what are the intermediates of aerobic metabolism

NADH, FADH2, FMN, FAD