Test 3 Flashcards by Dylan Vo

Why are fats better than polysaccharides

fatty acids carry more energy per carbon because they are more reduced.
Fatty acids carry less water because they are nonpolar.
Fats Provide Efficient Fuel Storage

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_,_are for short-term energy needs and quick
delivery

Glucose and glycogen

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are for long-term (months) energy needs, good storage, and
slow delivery.

fats

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Horome: Insulin->Origin_->Target_

Pancreatic Beta Cell:Liver, Muscle, others

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Horome: GLucagon->Origin_->Target_

Pancreatic alpha cell: liver

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Horome: Epinephrine->Origin_->Target_

adrenal gland:liver, muscle, others

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_Between meals, glucose
concentration drops

feed/fasting

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Decreases insulin release

Feeding / Fasting

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Stimulates glucagon release

Feeding / Fasting

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_released in
response to low blood glucose

epinephrine

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During a meal – _moves from
digestive tract to blood stream

glucose

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is downregulated in liver
and muscle

glycogenolysis

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Stimulation of glucose transport in muscle

feeding/fasting

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Suppression of liver

gluconeogenesis

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Triggers insulin release activates glycogen
synthesis in liver and muscle

feeding/fasting

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works on
nonreducing ends until it reaches
four residues from an (alpha 1→ 6)
branch point.

Glycogen phosphorylase

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transfers a
block of three residues to the
nonreducing end of the chain.

Debranching enzyme

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cleaves the
single remaining (alpha1→6)-linked
glucose, which becomes a free
glucose unit (i.e., NOT glucose-1-
phosphate).

Debranching enzyme

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occurs After 11 glucosyl units have been
added

Branching step

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(also
named branching
glycosyltransferase)

Glycogen branching enzyme

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Break alpha-1,4 bond at least 6-7
glucosyl units from reducing end
of a chain at least 11 residues
long

Glycogen synthesis
– Branching step

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Transfers segment to interior 6-
hydroxyl position at least 4
residues away from any branching
point

Glycogen synthesis
– Branching step

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Creates alpha-1,6 bond called
branch point

Glycogen synthesis
– Branching step

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Glucose 6-P is incorporated into
glycogen

Glycogen synthesis

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Formation of glucose 1-P by Phosphoglucomutase – Reversible, near equilibrium enzyme – Same mechanism as phosphoglycerate mutase in glycolysis

Glycogen synthesis-– First step

Formation of uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucose or activated glucose. – Glucose 1-P is not reactive enough (activation) – Carrier function similar to acetyl-CoA

Glycogen synthesis-– second step

Tiny soluble granules in

cytoplasm

Structure of glycogen – _increases the solubility

Branching

increases the rate of synthesis and breakdown (more terminal non-reducing ends

Structure of glycogen-Branching

protein molecule at the core of glycogen

glycogenin

Primer for formation of glycogen

Glycogenin

Polymers of _can weigh up to 100 million daltons

glycogen

Straight chain links – alpha 1,4 linkages – Branch points – alpha 1,6 linkages (more than starch)

Structure of glycogen

ATP Synthase=

=Power Generator

ATP Synthesis Mechanism =

(Binding change Mechanism

– The beta subunit has the active site for synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi

ATP Synthesis Mechanism

– Conformational change of the beta subunits propagated by the y subunit rotation is key

ATP Synthesis Mechanism

ATP Synthesis Mechanism-step 1

– Step 1- ADP and Pi bind to the open beta subunit (OPEN)

ATP Synthesis Mechanism-step 2

– Step 2- The y rotate 1/3, ADP and Pi are locked in but not close enough (LOOSE)

ATP Synthesis Mechanism-step 3

– Step 3- The y rotate 1/3, ADP and Pi are brought together and react to form ATP (TIGHT)

ATP Synthesis Mechanism-back to step 1

– Back to step 1- The y rotate 1/3, ATP is released and the subunit can accept ADP and Pi

– One full rotation generate _ in the atp synthesis mechanism

3 ATPs (speed estimated at 100 rotations per second!)

Need _ to get one full rotation or 3 ATPs (3.3 H+ for 1 ATP) in the ATP synthesis metabolism

10 H+

The _rotates until the next empty c subunit become accessible to the next H+

atp rotation mechanism- c ring

The c ring (10 subunits) keep rotating until the _are released through the matrix channel (low [H+])

atp rotation mechanism-protons

rotation is transmitted by the _to the F1 region.

stalk

– Need 10 H+ to get one full rotation of the _

ring and stalk

Culmination of aerobic cell respiration

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Pathway that oxidizes electron carriers from Krebs cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

NADH and FADH2 are mobile carriers from Krebs cycle in_

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Responsible for most of produced ATP in cells

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Has proton gradient that acts as the energy intermediate

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Oxidative Phosphorylation Has proton gradient that acts as the energy intermediate – Mechanism is called the

chemiosmotic hypothesis

Oxidative phosphorylation term refers to two processes:

Oxidation – Phosphorylation

In isolated mitochondria, these processes are coupled

-Oxidation – Phosphorylation

Electron flow from _to Q (ubiquinone) to O2

NADH

NADH is oxidized to _

NAD

O2 is reduced to

water

Continuous consumption of O2 and production of _

water

Takes place within inner membrane of mitochondria

Oxidative phosphorylation

As electrons move through the membrane * Protons are pumped across the membrane

Oxidative phosphorylation

Electrical and chemical gradient across the mitochondrial membrane

Oxidative phosphorylation

Electron transport chain procedures

1. Electrons transfer 2. Protons pumped 3. Oxygen reduction 4. ATP generation Energy transformed several times

Large pores in the outer membrane (The porins let small & charged molecules crossing and connect inner membrane space to cytoplasm)

Essential Features of the Mitochondria

Intermembrane space

Essential Features of the Mitochondria

Relatively high concentration of proteins

Inner membrane of Mitochondria

Impermeable to charged molecules

Inner membrane of Mitochondria

Carrier proteins

Inner membrane of Mitochondria

Protein complexes control flow of protons and electrons

Inner membrane of Mitochondria

Matrix

Essential Features of the Mitochondria

Electrons transferred to FMN to form FMNH2

Pathway of Electrons: Complex I

– Transfer from FMN to Fe-S clusters

* Pathway of Electrons: Complex I

– Transfers its electrons to Q

* Pathway of Electrons: Complex I

This results in QH2 formation

* Pathway of Electrons: Complex I

– Q and QH2 are mobile cofactor

* Pathway of Electrons: Complex I

– Complex releases 4 protons to cytosol

* Pathway of Electrons: Complex I

Electrons from succinate dehydrogenase (Succinate to Fumarate, Krebs cycle

* Pathway of Electrons: Complex II

FAD/FADH2 is bound cofactor

* Pathway of Electrons: Complex II

Complex does not release any proton to cytosol (less ATP produced)

* Pathway of Electrons: Complex II

– Electrons move through a series of Fe-S clusters

* Pathway of Electrons: Complex II

– Transfers its electrons to Q

* Pathway of Electrons: Complex II

This results in QH2 formation

* Pathway of Electrons: Complex II

– Also known as bc1 complex or Qcytochrome c reductase