test 2

Question 1

what is autosomal dominent

Answer 1

the allele for the trait is dominant and is carried on an autosome

Question 2

what is autosomal recessive

Answer 2

the allele for the trait is recessive and is carried on an autosome

Question 3

what is x linked recessive

Answer 3

the allele for the trait is recessive and is carried on the sexual chromosome x

Question 4

what is x linked dominant

Answer 4

the allele for the trait is dominant and is carried on the sexual chromosome x

Question 5

what is transcription and what do you get

Answer 5

the process of converting DNA to RNA

from a template strand from 3’ to 5’, you get a complementary strand from 5’ to 3’

Question 6

what is translation and what do you get

Answer 6

translation is the process of converting RNA to a protein (comes after transcription)

from a complementary strand you get a protein of the form
N Met-Pro C

Question 7

what are the letters changing to in transcription

Answer 7

A to U
C to G
G to C
T to A

Question 8

what is the orientation of mRNA (messenger)

Answer 8

always 5’to3’

Question 9

when translating mRNA what do you get

Answer 9

protein

Question 10

what is a missence mutation

Answer 10

-type of base substitutions
-alters the identity of the amino acid
-effects the reactive site of enzymes (moderate effects)

Question 11

what is a nonsense mutation

Answer 11

-type of base sub
-generates an early stop codon so protein is truncated
-has severe effects on protein function

Question 12

silent mutation

Answer 12

-type of base sub
-generates no change because protein identical so does not have an effect

Question 13

what are frameshift mutations

Answer 13

-insertions or deletions
-changes the reading frame
-the remainder of the protein after is changed
-a premature stop codon will end translation

Question 14

what is a deletion in Large chromosomal rearrangement

Answer 14

-occurs if a broken segment is lost from a chromosome
-ex: deletion on human chromosome 5 normally leads to severe cognitive impairment and a malformed larynx (cris du chat)

Question 15

what is a duplication

Answer 15

-type of large chromosomal rearrangements
-a segment is broken from one chromosome and added to its homologue
-in the receiving homologue the alleles of the inserted fragment are added to the ones already there
-may be good or bad depending on the genes and or alleles in the duplicated region
-ex: mammals have genes that encore several types of hemoglobin that are not present in vertebrates such as sharks that evolved earlier

Question 16

what is a translocation

Answer 16

-type of lcr
-occurs when a segments of a chromosome breaks and attaches to another non-homologous chromosome
-ex: cancer burkitt lymphoma happens in humans when part of chromo 8 goes to the end of chromo 14

Question 17

what is an inversion

Answer 17

-type of LCR
-part of a chromo breaks and reattaches on the other side
-ex 5 human chromo show signs oof inversions that our nearest relative the gorilla doesn’t have so is a big part of evolution

Question 18

what are transcription factors

Answer 18

proteins that need to bind to DNA and regulate gene expression by promoting or suppressing transcription to recruit rna polymerase II

Question 19

what is the difference in the mRNA of eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 19

eukaryotes have pre-mRNA that needs to be transformed to go through translation

prokaryotes have their rna ready to go from transcription to translation

there are no transcriptionfactors in prokaryotes

Question 20

what is epistasis

Answer 20

many genes that interact with each other where one or more alleles of one gene can mask the effect of other genes

Question 21

what is incomplete dominance

Answer 21

both phenotypes show up to create a new one (pink flower from a red and a white)

Question 22

what is codominance

Answer 22

both phenotypes are expressed

Question 23

what is a lethal recessive allele

Answer 23

-phenotype for heterozygous individual is normal
-lethal for homozygous individual
f2 ratio 3:0

Question 24

what are multiple alleles

Answer 24

small differences in the sequence of the DNA at one or more points of a gene

Question 25

what is polygenic inheritance

Answer 25

traits that are conferred by multiple genes

Question 26

what is the SRY

Answer 26

the switch that directs development toward maleness at an early point in embryonic developpement

Question 27

the disease skips generations

Answer 27

probably recessive

Question 28

more men than women affected

Answer 28

probably x linked recessive

Question 29

more women that man affected

Answer 29

on autosome

Question 30

affected mother has an unaffected son in a recessive trait

Answer 30

rule out X linked

Question 31

when will an affected father always have affected daughter

Answer 31

x linked dom

Question 32

dna base pairs

Answer 32

adenine thymine guanine cytosine

Question 33

rna base pairs

Answer 33

adenine uracil guanine cytosine

Question 34

what is a codon

Answer 34

a section with three base pairs

Question 35

what does every protein start with

Answer 35

methionine

Question 36

what are the 3 stop codons

Answer 36

UAA UAG UGA

Question 37

what are chaperones

Answer 37

chaperones are protein complexes that fold the proteins

Question 38

what are the mRNA start codon

Answer 38

AUG

Question 39

what are the mRNA stop codons

Answer 39

UAA UAG UGA

Question 40

what's the use of rRNA

Answer 40

rRNA form with proteins the ribosomes that translation happens in

Question 41

what's the use of tRNA

Answer 41

tRNA is what brings the amino acids to their respective codons it has on one side an amino acid and on the other the anticodon that pairs with the codon on the mRNA

Question 42

summarize transcription

Answer 42

1 initiation -transcription factors bind to the promoter on the TATA box and they recruit RNA polymerase. 2 elongation- dna is unwound and rna base pairs are added to the new mRNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction. behind the rna polymerase the DNA rewindsthe newly synthesized pre mRNA molecule is elongated by adding new bases to the RNA strand. 3 termination- the RNA polymerase is removed

Question 43

summarize translation

Answer 43

1 initiation- the ribosome scans the mRNA until it finds the start codon 2 elongation- tRNA brings the amino acid that is correct for the codon in the A site. The codon must fit the anticodon on the tRNA. each added amino acid start forming a polypeptide in the P site. The empty tRNA exists at the E site

Question 44

what are polysomes

Answer 44

They are a chain of ribosome so many ribosomes can translate a mRNA chain at the same time making it faster

Question 45

what is the transcription start codon

Answer 45

TAC

Question 46

what is an operon

Answer 46

A sequence of genes plus a promoter and an operator involved in the same metabolic pathway unique to prokaryotes

Question 47

what is a catabolism reaction and which operon does it go with

Answer 47

It is the ensemble of reactions that lead to the degradation of molecules. Produces energy Lac operon

Question 48

what is an anabolism reaction and which operon does it go with

Answer 48

It is the ensemble of reactions that lead to the construction of molecules. Consumes energy Trp operon

Question 49

what is RNA polymerase I

Answer 49

a type of rna that transcribes DNA into rRNA

Question 50

what is RNA polymerase II

Answer 50

a type of rna that is an enzyme and transcribes protein coding genes

Question 51

what is RNA polymerase III

Answer 51

a type of rna that is an enzyme that transcribes DNA into tRNA and some parts of rRNA

Question 52

what happens in initiation of translation

Answer 52

the ribosomes scan the mRNA strand until it finds the start codon

Question 53

what happens in elongation of translation

Answer 53

the tRNA brings in the amino acid attached to it's anti codon to match each codon of the mRNA. a polypeptide chain forms.

Question 54

lac operon induced or repressible and what type rxn

Answer 54

induced and catabolic

Question 55

trp operon induced or repressible and what type rxn

Answer 55

repressible and anabolic

Question 56

what happens to the lac operon when no lactose

Answer 56

the Lac repressor encoded by the LacI gene is active and binds to the operator so no transcription really occurs (basal level)

Question 57

what happens to the lac operon when lactose present

Answer 57

the lactose is converted to allocate which inactivates the repressor so it does not bind to the operator so transcription can occur

Question 58

what happens the trp operson when there is no trp

Answer 58

the repressor is inactive, so it is prevented from binding to the operator so transcription can happen

Question 59

what happens to the trp operon where trp is present

Answer 59

repressor gets activated by the tryptophan which allows him to bind to the operator blocking transcription

Question 60

what's the difference between an snp and an lcr

Answer 60

an snp changes only one base pair of the chain whereas an lcr changes a whole part of chromosome

Question 61

what are activators

Answer 61

regulatory proteins that bind to the promoter proximal effects to stimulate or inhibit transcription