Test 2

Question 1

Current leading causes of death in developed countries

Answer 1

Cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, chronic liver disease

Question 2

Epidemiology

Answer 2

comparison of health and disease in different populations

Question 3

human-based evidence for human health issues

Answer 3

epidemiology, occupational exposures, accidents, etc

Question 4

lab- based evidence for human health issues

Answer 4

in vitro, in vivo

Question 5

factors that impact toxicity

Answer 5

• Dose
• Exposure period
• Mixtures
• Age
• Genetic make-up
• Diet
• Others

Question 6

Cancer

Answer 6

Unrestrained proliferation of cells, invasion, metastases

Question 7

Carcinogen

Answer 7

substance that causes or induces neoplasia,
new or autonomous growth of tissue

Question 8

Neoplasm

Answer 8

lesion resulting from growth

Question 9

IARC category meanings.
* Group 1:
* Group 2A:
* Group 2B:
* Group 3:
* Group 4

Answer 9

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans

Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans

Question 10

how may known carcinogens are in tobacco smoke

Answer 10

60

Question 11

acute and chronic effects of Benzene

Answer 11

acute: dizziness, headaches, confusion

chronic: leukemia

Question 12

Organic teratogens definition and examples

Answer 12

substances that cause birth defects.
ex. cigarette smoke, benzo[a]pyrene, pesticides (DDT)

Question 13

Endocrine hormone system

Answer 13

A control system that responds to internal/external
signals to maintain the body in a chemical equilibrium
(homeostasis)

Question 14

how do Mechanism of action exert their influence

Answer 14

– Mimicking the effects of endogenous hormones
such as estrogens and androgens
– Antagonising the effects of endogenous hormones
– Altering the pattern of synthesis and metabolism
of normal hormones
– Modifying hormone receptor levels

Question 15

example of something toxic at high quantities but essential for health

Answer 15

Fluorine

Question 16

Bioaccessable

Answer 16

the proportion of a
chemical that is
soluble in bodily fluids

Question 17

Speciation of metal

Answer 17

This refers to the chemical form of the metal or inorganic element.
Speciation affects toxicity (hazard)
Speciation can also refer to the valence or oxidation
state of a metal

Question 18

in-vivo

Answer 18

animal tests

Question 19

in-vitro

Answer 19

lab tests

Question 20

Lead effects on humans

Answer 20

neurological damage in young
children. Prenatal exposure is also a concern.

Question 21

Organophosphate Pesticides traits

Answer 21

Low-to-moderate persistence - don’t bioaccumulate
- Toxicity might need to be “highly”-to-”extremely” to have effect

Question 22

Specificity Problem for Organophosphate Pesticides

Answer 22

Mode of action is neurotoxicity through inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme
- enzyme removes acetylcholine neurotransmitter after nerve signal
- if enzyme inhibited, nerve synapse can’t “reset”, get paralysis

this will happen in many non-target organisms, including humans

Question 23

Herbicides

Answer 23

easier than other pesticides to make non-toxic to vertebrates/mammals/humans

Question 24

2 types of radiation

Answer 24

non-ionizing, ionizing

Question 25

Particulate radiation

Answer 25

– Alpha particles: (2 N and 2P – heavy) collide with matter and lose their energy quickly, barely able to penetrate skin, concern if inhaled or ingested – Beta particles-: electrons (negatively charged), very small, penetrate 1-2 cm of water or human flesh – Neutrons: generated from splitting atoms in nuclear reactors, penetrate the furthest

Question 26

Electromagnetic waves

Answer 26

– Gamma rays: energy transmitted in a wave, penetrate greater than alpha and beta particles – X-rays: similar to gamma except artificially produced

Question 27

types of ionizing radiation

Answer 27

particulate & electromagnetic radiation

Question 28

isotopes

Answer 28

variants of elements which have different numbers of neutrons but same number of protons

Question 29

radioisotopes

Answer 29

isotopes that are unstable and release energy as they decay

Question 30

Radon

Answer 30

radioactive gas found naturally on earth. cause lung cancer.

Question 31

sievert

Answer 31

measure of the health effects of low doses of ionizing radiation of the human body

Question 32

Genotoxic

Answer 32

toxic to genetic material of organism

Question 33

Properties of Mercury

Answer 33

* Metallic mercury, is liquid at room temperature * can form inorganic and organic compounds

Question 34

"mad as a hatter" origin

Answer 34

from the suggestion that hatters were exposed to mercury

Question 35

most toxic form of mercury

Answer 35

Organically-bound mercury (methylmercury and dimethylmercury)

Question 36

how are most humans exposed to mercury (specifically MeHg)

Answer 36

fish

Question 37

what is mercury transport like

Answer 37

Volatile nature of mercury leads to long-distance transport and widespread contamination

Question 38

what kind of mercury is in most occupational exposures

Answer 38

inorganic or elemental Hg

Question 39

GMO benefits

Answer 39

* Reduced environmental impacts of spraying pesticides * Increased agricultural yield per land mass to feed a hungry, growing world population * Decreased frost damage * Increased opportunity for beneficial insects * Efficient production of life-saving medicines

Question 40

GMO environmental concerns

Answer 40

* Invasiveness * Resistance * Cross-contamination * Co-existence with traditional crops * Potential for environmental impact

Question 41

Pathogen

Answer 41

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease

Question 42

main soures of pathogens in water

Answer 42

fecal from mammals or birds