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Test 2 Flashcards

(124 cards)

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1
Q

Traffic Design Standards

A

Design Standards for high speed, high volume, and highways are regulated by AASHTO. Local and lower speeds are established by local or state agencies.

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2
Q

Qualitative measure of operating conditions

A

Level of Service (LOS)

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3
Q

The traffic volume that can be supported by a street while keeping a desired level of service

A

Design Capacity

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4
Q

High volume, high mobility, low access freeways.

A

Principal Arterial

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5
Q

Less mobility than principal arterial, connects communities and or rural roads.

A

Minor Arterial

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6
Q

Links the local street systems with arterial and minor arterial streets.

A

Collector

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7
Q

Provides access from collector streets to individual properties in a development.

A

Local

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8
Q

Performed during project’s early planning stages

Estimates traffic

Identifies traffic access and determines if proposed project affects existing transportation networks

A

Traffic Impact Analysis

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9
Q

Projected peak hourly volume used for geometric design of highway

Accounts for change in demand over design period

A

Design Hour Volume (DHV)

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10
Q

How many hours in a year when a road experiences highest hourly volumes

A

30 hours

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11
Q

How much of the DHV is the AVT for urban highways

A

8-12 %

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12
Q

Traffic volume observed over a number of 24 hour periods

Does not show specific variations in volume during peak hours

Used to evaluate current traffic flows and plan for future transportation needs

A

Average Daily Traffic (ADT)

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13
Q

How are collector and local streets computed

A

Functions of:

number and type of dwelling units
and daily vehicle trips per type of dwelling unit

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14
Q

Single or one direction movement with either the origin or destination inside the study area

A

Trip Ends

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15
Q

Example:
Person drives to work and back home, how many trip ends?

A

2 Trip Ends

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16
Q

Volume of traffic vehicles that are using the road prior to development

A

Existing Traffic

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17
Q

Increase in traffic expected to occur in development

A

Future Background Traffic

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18
Q

Traffic derived from new development

A

Site Traffic

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19
Q

Sum of future and site traffic

A

Total future traffic

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20
Q

Rectangular Street Network

Used for mixed use developments

Pedestrian friendly

A

Grid (Street Layout)

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21
Q

Curvilinear street layout. Minimizes cut and fill

A

Cul-de-Sac Model

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22
Q

Points in a street network that allow vehicles to
change directions and enter onto different streets

A

Intersections

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23
Q

ncreased density of intersections can be used as a
means of slowing traffic. Concerns?
Congestion
Dangerous traffic conditions
 Ideally, intersections will be spaced far enough apart
that waiting traffic does not back up into the
previous intersection
 Spacing intersections between 100-150’ on low
volume streets can discourage “cut through” traffic

A

Intersection Spacing

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24
Q

Min approach angle

A

60-75 degrees

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25
What is the most safe form of an intersection
4 way T shaped intersections
26
Normal crowned section that has a high point in the middle and slopes away symmetrically
Lanes
27
Typical pavement Cross Slope for drainage
1/4 inch per foot (2%)
28
Increase separation distance between opposing traffic Refuge for pedestrians Not commonly found on local or collector streets
Medians
29
Collect and convey storm water Separate traffic lanes from sidewalks
Curb and Gutter
30
Gutter cross slope
1 inch per foot (8.3%)
31
Area between the sidewalk and back of the curb that is typically a grass strip underneath which utility lines are located
Sidewalk and utility strips
32
Typical width for sidewalk and utility strips
2-4 inches 5-6' minimum for tree planting
33
Sidewalk width for development density
4' for moderate density 6-10' for high pedestrian traffic
34
Sidewalk cross slope facing towards street
1/4 inch per foot (2%)
35
In low density areas shoulder might be used instead of curbs and gutters
Shoulders with 6' width of gravel and drainage ditches at the top to collect runoff
36
What connects the road section to the natural terrain
Side Slopes 2H:1V max slope 4H:1V or greater is common
37
What is street layout defined by
Site topography Points of connection Location of proposed streets next to adjacent land
38
What should street layout provide?
Pedestrian and driver safety Max lot yield Looks and site attraction
39
An arc may be defined by its radius or this Degree?
Degree of Curvature (DA)
40
Delta in a horizontal curve
Central Angle
41
Theta in a horizontal curve
Degree in radians
42
Distance traveled while the driver is reacting plus the distance after brakes are applied
Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)
43
Functions of SSD
Reaction time Street grade Weather (Friction) Street Curvature
44
SSD on horizontal curves
For curves with a clear line of sight. Sight distance is the cord distance and the stopping distance is measured along the arc of the centerline.
45
When expressed as a function of SSD can be used to evaluate obstructions in a drivers line of sight
Middle Ordinate (MO)
46
Where are Vertical curves centered
ON the PVI and are parabolic and equal on the tangent length
47
SSD on crest vertical curves
Main controlling factor a minimum curve length. Assumes G is 0 since SSD could terminate
48
SSD on sag vertical curves
Overriding factor is headlight projection distance
49
How to create Parcels
Create them as site first
50
How to make alignments fit with parcels for right of way
Move them to the site
51
Minimum lot width
Number of setbacks + Building Width
52
Minimum lot depth
Front Setback + Building Depth + Rear Depth
53
T / F A parcel will not have the minimum lot width, depth, and frontage while maintaining the minimum lot size.
True
54
Who regulates water systems
Virginia Department of Health for system layouts and flow and pressure requirements
55
What is the larger demand for water flow, domestic or fire demands?
Fire Demands
56
What dictates fire flow requirements?
Building size and construction materials
57
Water Supply Design Considerations
Pressure Flow Velocity Storage Layout
58
Pressure Ranges
Low-20 PSI High- 80 PSI
59
Why does pressure for water need to be adjusted?
Too high can damage the system and too low makes it harder to fight fires.
60
Water Supply System Forces
Hydrostatic Hydrodynamic
61
Water Supply System Thrust Restraints
Prevents pipe separation and damage with concrete thrust blocks and restrained joints.
62
Water Supply System Velocity
Low- 2 fps High- 10 fps
63
Water Supply System Layout
Grid or looped layout is preferred over a branched layout
64
Water Supply System Taps
Taps are new connections to existing water lines. Tapping sleeves and valves connect with needing water systems to be shutdown.
65
How much horizontal separation from wastewater lines?
10'
66
How much vertical separation from wastewater lines
18''
67
What happens when spacing requirements for water lines cannot be meet?
An encasement, structural support for the sewer line and or more resilient pipe material is needed.
68
Pipe Materials
DIP PVC Copper
69
Pipe Size
6-20 inches Can be 3/4 '' onsite
70
Fire Hydrants
Have two 2.5'' hose connections and a 4.5'' bumper connections Located 2-3' behind the curb with the pumper connection facing the street Spacing frequency depends on houses and lots
71
Blind Flange / Cap
Terminates a pipe to end flow and is used at dead ends
72
Bends
Change alignment Two 45 degree bends are preferred over a 90 degree
73
Reducers
Transitions pipes between diameters to either reduce or increase diameter
74
Fire Department Connection (FDC)
Supplement water supply for sprinklers with an adjacent fire hydrant 50' away
75
Tees
Intersection of pipes at 90 degree angle. Allows for branches to connect
76
Water Meters
Measure Domestic Water Consumption 5/8'' for single family residential 1'' for commercial family
77
Valves
Isolate sections of the system and control flow directions
78
Air Release Valves
Water is comprised of 2-3% air by volume. This air can dissociate itself from the water, and collect in the water line’s high point(s). ARV located at local high points along the waterline
79
Blow off Valves
Used to dewater lines for maintenance. Located at low points and terminal ends.
80
Post Indicator Valve (PIV)
Displays open when valve is open. Used for fire lines.
81
Backflow Preventer
Prevents stagnation and contaminated water and measures water.
82
Conduit for conveying wastewater
Sanitary Sewer
83
Liquid conveyed in a sewer
Sewage
84
Conduit connecting an individual building to a main sewer
Lateral
85
Main sewers receiving flow from large areas
Submain, main, trunk
86
Access point to sewer
Manhole
87
How much of sewage is composed of water
99%, wastewater can be treated as water in calculations
88
What defines sewer strength
Biological Oxygen Demand Composition of Suspended Solids
89
BOD
measure of amount of organic matter present that will oxidize
90
SS
content is typically more than 80% of organic matter
91
Provide for conservative design by accounting for periods when flows from multiple sources are likely to coincide
Peak Factors
92
Lateral and Submains Peaking Factor
400% of computed average design flow
93
Sewer Line Spacing
10' horizontal and 18'' vertical separation from water lines 50' distance between sewer line and drinking water supply wells If distance is not met a concrete or PVC sleeve might be used
94
Sewer Line System- Gravity
Always try to design for gravity use site conditions and topography
95
Sewer Line System- Pump Station and Force Main
When gravity is not possible. Pressured system that is more expensive and requires infrastructure maintenance.
96
Where are public mains located
Public rights of way dedicated easements
97
Wastewater Cleaning Velocity
2 fps prevents the deposition of soils
98
Which angles to avoid in wastewater design
Acute Angles in flow direction
99
Minimum diameters
Mains- 8" Individual Service Connections- 6"
100
Sewer Pipes
PVC Pipes
101
What is SDR
Standard Dimension Ratio Ratio of pipe diameter / Wall Thickness Higher SDR equals thinner pipe thickness
102
Manhole material and size
Precast Concrete 48" to 60" standard diameters
103
Manhole Placement
Terminal End of 8'' or greater sewer line Every change in alignment or diameter Max spacing 300'-500' is relative to pipe diameter
104
Sewer Cleanouts
Provides maintenance access to sewer instead of manholes for Private Systems Placed 75' (max) apart or at bends
105
Drop Manholes
Drop manholes are used when there is more than 2 feet of difference between the invert elevations of connecting sewers. Purpose? Reduce slope & turbulence Maintenance
106
Who deals with onsite treatment
VDH
107
Line that connects points of equal elevation above some datum
Contour Lines
108
Vertical elevation difference between contour lines
Contour Intervals usually 2 ft
109
Contour Line Rules
Contour Lines never cross each other. Lines are always closed off. Locally closed contours depict hills or depressions.
110
Water Flow in Contour Lines
Water flows from higher to lower elevations and perpendicular to contour lines. For ditches V points upstream and ridges point downstream.
111
Who handles wastewater and storm water design
DEQ
112
Water consumption rate for residential and sewage rate
100 gallons per person a day in Virginia that varies on facility
113
Main peak factor for sewage
400%
114
Hydraulic Radius for half full or full pipe
Diameter/4 (ft)
115
Major and Minor Contour Lines
Major contours are placed every 5 intervals and minor contours are in between
116
How is slope expressed
H : V Percentage: Change in V over Change in H
117
Two hill like elevations on a topographic map
Saddle
118
High to low elevation figures to move flow
Channels
119
Road geometry
Symmetrically crowned
120
Surface model comprised of triangles. The triangles are formed by connecting surface points. The elevation at any point along a triangle leg can be computed by interpolating between the elevation of the end point vertices.
Triangle Irregular Network (TIN)
121
Linear surface features that depict an abrupt change in elevation
Break lines Ex- curbs and buildings
122
Can TIN triangles cross over on break lines
No TIN triangles can not overlap with break lines
123
What is a similar street geometry topographically?
Ridge going down
124
Who regulates wastewater
VDEQ- Sewage collection and treatment VDEH- Onsite sewage treatment

Land Dev (2 decks)

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