Test 2 Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
eat living or dead animal tissue
A
zoophagus
2
Q
eat/get nutrients from microorganisms
A
mycetophagus
3
Q
eat/feed on plants (living or dead)
A
phytophagus
4
Q
feed on only 1 or 2 plant species
A
monophagus
5
Q
feeding is less restricted to several genera but same family of plants
A
oligophagous
6
Q
feed on many species from many families of plants
A
polyphagus
7
Q
advantage of polyphagus
A
unlimited food supply leads to greater dispersion
8
Q
advantage of monophagus
A
no energy used looking for a mate
not exposed to as many predators
9
Q
insects with peircing and sucking mouthparts feed on:
A
- epidermal cells
- xylem
- phloem
10
Q
chewing mouthparts feeding habits: (many)
A
- consumers
- borers
- leaf rollers: roll and seal leaf with silk
- leaf crumplers
- leaf miners: feed between epidermal layers of leaf
- shot-hole: feed on leaf bud
- notchers: feed at edge of leaf
- skeletonizers: eat everything but veins
11
Q
phototoxemia:
A
insects with p&s mouthparts can release toxins that cause symptoms of a viral disease
12
Q
vector =
A
insect that carries pathogen
13
Q
pathogen =
A
disease causing organism
14
Q
disease =
A
interaction of pathogen and plant
- causes symptoms
15
Q
2 methods of pathogen transmission
A
1- mechanical transmission / non-persistant
2- biological transmission / persistant transmission / circulatory transmission (goes from generation to generation)
16
Q
plant defenses
A
- prevent insect from feeding on it
OR
- prevent insect from ovipositing
17
Q
morphological defenses
A
- remote factors
- close-up factors
18
Q
- defenses that come into play before insect comes into contact with plant
A
remote factors
19
Q
defenses that come into play when insect is in contact with plant
A
close-up factors
20
Q
close up factors:
A
- trichomes
- waxes
- thickened cell walls
- hard substances
- wound responses
21
Q
trichomes:
A
hairs on a plant
22
Q
2 kinds of trichomes:
A
- densly packed, stiff hairs (mouthparts can’t reach)
- glandular (if broken, chem is released)
23
Q
chemical defenses (list)
A
- alkaloids
- terpenoids
- phenolics
- proteinase inhibitors
- IGR’s (insect growth regulators)
24
Q
chemical defense that is highly toxic and/or anti-feedant
A
alkaloids
25
chemical defense that is usualy a strong anti-feedant OR disrupt reproductive physiology
- terpenoids
26
chemical defense that is a strong anti-feedant
(ex. tanins in oaks)
- phenolics
27
chemical defense that if insect eats plant, no proteins can be digested
- proteinase inhibitors
28
chemical defense that forces early pupa stage or molting
insect growth regulators (IGR's)
29
force adult molting leading to "monsters"
phytoecdysteroids
30
pupulation curves are \_\_\_\_
dynamic (fluctuate thru time)
31
factors that cause population curve fluctuation:
- abiotic factors
- biotic factors
32
abiotic factors
- temerature
- humid conditions
- rainfall
- soil parameters
- UV-light
33
biotic factors:
- predation
- competition
- number of generations
- number of eggs
- behavioral attributes
- dispersal
34
any insect that competes directly or indirectly with many that causes economic, medical, or nusiance problems
PEST
35
the use of all available control measures to SUPRESS a pest pupulation so taht it does not reach the economic injury level
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
36
Control Tactics
- regulatory
- genetic
- host plant resistance
- cultural
- biological
- chemical
37
area of non-preference
insects do not lay eggs on plant
38
to insect's biochemistry and physiology leading to death
antibiosis
39
can withstand high populations of a pest and plant can recover from pest
tolerance
40
introduce a new predator, parasite, or pathogen into an area they did not exist
introduction
41
release into an area they already exist
augmentation
42
any activity that can protect and maintain high populations of beneficial insects
conservation
43
most used control tacti
chemical control
44
control that interferes with physiological or biochemical processes of insect
chemical control
45
groups of insecticides
- botanic
- inorganic
- horticultural oils
- chlorinated hydrocarbons
- carbanimates
- organophosphates
- pyrethroides
- insect growth regulators
46
insecticides from carbamic acid
carbanimates
47
insecticides from phosphoric acid
organophosphates
48
analogs of the chemicals found in pyrethrum
pyrethroides
49
how an insecticide gets into an insect
route of entry
50
how an insecticide acts on an insect
mode of action
51
routes of entry
trachial system
contact
through midgut
52
most common route of entry
midgut
53
modes of action
- physicals
- protoplasmic
- metabolic inhibitors
- nervous system
54
measure of how toxic an insectivide is
toxicity
55
LD50
lethal dosage that kills 50% of the experimental animals
56
LC
lethal concentration that kills 50% of the experimental animals
57
what affects toxicity
route of entry
formulation
bioavailability
residual life
58
how long an insecticide maintains killing ability after spraying is...
residual life
59
main problem with insecticide use is...
insecticide resistance
60
ability to recover from insecticide application
insecticide resistance
61
the genetic component of insecticide resistance
it is inherited: passed from one generation to the next
62
once an insect is resistant to one insecticide...
time to become resistant to the next one will be shorter
63
different kinds of insecticide resistance:
structural resistance
behavioral resistance
receptor site non-sensitivity
metabolic resistance
64
resistance where insects have thicker cuticles and or larger mid-gut cells
structural resistance
65
resistance where insect will avoid areas sprayed with insecticides
behavioral resistance
66
resistance where molecular structure of entry site has been changed (new lock and key mechanism)
receptor site nonsensitivity
67
resistance where insects produce more detoxifying enzymes
metabolic resistance
68
things taht will affect rate of resistance
genetic parameters/factors
biological or ecological factors
operational factors
69
genetic factors of resistance
- number and dominance of genes involved
- past selection of insecticides
70
biological factors of resistance
- number of generations/year
- number of offspring/generation
- type of reproduction
- feeding type
- dispersal patterns
71
operational factors of resistance
- chemical nature of insecticides
- how long does residue persist
- formulation
- application method
72
irreversible toxicity
chronic toxicity
73
reversible toxicity
acute toxicity
74
symptoms of acute toxicity
blurred vision
headache
abdominal cramping
loss of balance
vomitting
75
antidotes to acute toxicity
atropine
cholopam
76
what affects toxicity in humans
- route of entry (epidermal, digestive, respiratory)
- type and concentration of insecticide
- formulation
- individual metabolism
- pathological state
- smoker?
- age & weight
- daily condition
77
pre-bloom
before flower buds
78
pre-emergence
before plant comes up or insect comes out
79
post emergence
after plant comes up or insect comes out
80
formulations
bait
dust
emulsifiable concentrate
fumigant
granular
wetable powder
81
formulation with organic carrier, edible substance, and active ingredient
bait
82
formulation with active ingredient on a very fine, inert carrier
dust
83
forumlation with a petroleum solvent, emulsifier, and active ingredient
emulsifiable concentrate
84
formulation with high drift hazaard, requiring no air movement
dust
85
most common solvent in emulsifiable concentrate
jet fuel
86
3 levels with water formulation in emulsifiable concentrate
- dissolved= best
- mixed
- suspended= worst
87
formulation in the form of a gas
fumigant
88
forumulation that is same as a dust, only bigger
granular
89
formulation with a fine active ingredient, and a wetting agent that allows it to be suspended in water
wettable powder
90
considerations for formulation
- must get to insect
- persistance: how long killing power lasts
- toxicity
- compatibility: with fertilizers, herbicides, etc...
- synergism
- coverage
- environmental and health hazards
91
